الفهرس 
Diagnosis of osteoporosisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean flour, dried plum,
fig, and blueberry or their combination on biological evaluation, biochemical analysis and
histopathological examination of kidney and femur bone of rats suffering from osteoporosis. In
addition to the chemical composition of dried fruits used in this study.
Chemical Composition of Dried Plum, Dried Fig and
Dried Blueberry:
The three types of dried fruits were analyzed. The highest percent of moisture was found in
dried plum, followed by dried fig, while the dried blueberry showed the lowest percent. The highest
% of protein was observed in dried fig, followed by dried blueberry and dried plum, respectively.
Dried blueberry recorded the highest % of lipid, followed by dried fig, while the lowest % of lipid
was observed in dried plum. The % of fiber was highly in dried fig as compared to dried plum and
blueberry. Total carbohydrate increased in dried blueberry than that on the other dried fruits.
The current study was performed on a total of seventy two (72) (Sprague – Dawley strain) female
albino rats, weighting (200 ±10 g) each were used in this study the rats divided into two main
groups. The first main group (12 rats) divided into two subgroups, the first subgroup fed on basal
diet
(BD) as a negative control group1 (NC1), while the second
subgroup fed on basal diet containing half amount of protein from casein and the other from low fat
soybean (soybean diet) “as a control negative group” 2 (NC2). The second main group (60 rats)
received oral prednisone acetate (4.5 ml/kg body weight/day for two weeks) to induce osteoporotic
models. The group was then divided into ten subgroups, subgroup (1) fed on basal diet (control
positive group1) (PC1). Subgroup (2) fed on basal diet containing half amount of protein from
casein and the other from low fat soybean (soybean diet) “as a control positive group” 2 (PC2).
Subgroups (3 and 4) fed on soybean diets containing 7.5% and 15% dried plum, respectively.
Subgroups (5 and 6) fed on soybean diets containing 7.5% and 15% dried fig fruit, respectively.
Subgroups (7 and 8) fed on soybean diets containing 7.5% and 15% dried blueberry, respectively.
Subgroups (9 and 10) fed on soybean diets containing [2.5% dried plum, 2.5% dried fig fruit and
2.5% dried blueberry] and [5% dried plum, 5% dried fig fruit and 5% dried blueberry], respectively.
At the end of the experimental period (4 weeks), rats were fasted over night before sacrificing.
Blood samples were collected after 12 hour fasting at the end of the experiment. Blood was
collected into a dry clean centrifuge tube, and left to clot in a water bath (37º C) at room
temperature for half an hour. The blood was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 r.p.m.
to separate the serum. Serum was carefully aspirated and
transferred into clean quit fit plastic tubes and kept frozen at (-
20º C) until the time of analysis. The organs (liver, kidney, and femur bone) were removed and
washed in saline solution, weighted in neutral buffered formalin solution (10 %). Weights of organs
and bone were used to calculate the relative weight % in relation to total body weight. Biological
evaluation of the different diets was carried out by determination of feed intake (consumption)
daily, body weight gain %.
The Results Indicated That:
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain% and Kidney and Femur Bone
Weights
/ Body Weight% of Osteoporotic Rats.
Treating rats which were fed on basal diet or soybean diet with prednisone acetate (4.5 mg/kg body
weight/day twice a week) decreased the mean value of feed intake, than that of healthy rats fed on
basal diet or soybean diet.
The mean values of feed intake in all tested groups increased, than that of the positive control
groups.
The highest amounts of feed intake recorded for the group treated with 15% dried fig fruit,
followed by the groups treated with 15% dried plum, the combination of (5% dried plum, 5% dried fig
fruit and 5% dried blueberry) and 15% dried blueberry, respectively.
Feeding rats on basal diet or soybean diet with
prednisone acetate (4.5 ml/kg body weight/day twice a week)
decreased the mean value ± SD of body weight gain%
significantly (p˂ 0.05), than that of healthy rats fed on the same
diets.
All treated group increased the mean value of body
weight gain % significantly (p˂ 0.05), except the group which
treated with 7.5% dried plum, as compared to the positive
control groups. The highest increase in body weight gain %
recorded for the group treated with 15% dried fig fruit.
Feeding rats on basal diet or soybean diet with prednisone acetate (4.5 ml/kg body
weight/day twice a week) increased the mean value of kidney weight /body weight%
significantly (p˂ 0.05), than that of healthy rats fed on the same
diets, respectively.
All treated groups which suffer from osteoporosis with the two levels of dried fruits and their
combination recorded
significant decrease (p˂ 0.05), as compared to the positive
control group (fed on basal diet).
The highest decrease in kidney weight / body weight% recorded for the group which treated with the
combination of (5% dried plum, 5% dried fig fruit and 5% dried blueberry), followed by the group
treated with 15% dried blueberry, respectively.
The mean value of femur bone weight / body weight %
of the positive control group fed on soybean diet increased
significantly (p˂ 0.05), as compared to the positive group fed
on basal diet.
The best results in femur bone / body weight % recorded for the groups which treated with 15% dried
blueberry, the high and low levels from the combination of dried fruits (2.5% dried plum, 2.5%
dried fig fruit and 2.5% dried blueberry) and (5% dried plum, 5% dried fig fruit and 5% dried
blueberry), respectively.
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on Serum lipid profile of Osteoporotic Rats.
- In healthy rats, soybean diet decreased the mean values of serum cholesterol, triglycerids,
LDL-c and VLDL-c & increased HDL-c significantly, as compared to basal diet. The same trend was
observed in osteoporotic rats.
Cholesterol levels:
- Treating osteoporotic groups with soybean diet containing (7.5% and 15%) from dried plum,
dried fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from them led to significant
decrease p<0.05 in serum cholesterol, as compared to the positive control groups. On the other hand
serum cholesterol decreased gradually with increasing the level of dried plum, dried fig fruit,
dried blueberry and the combination from them. The
highest decrease in serum cholesterol recorded for the osteoporotic groups fed on soybean diet
containing combination of (5% dried plum, 5% dried fig fruit and
5% dried blueberry).
Triglycerides levels:
- Treating groups of rats which suffering from osteoporosis with soybean diet containing the
two levels from dried plum, dried fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from
them led to significant decrease p<0.05 in serum triglycerides, as compared to the positive control
groups. The high level from each fruit recorded significant decrease in serum triglyceride, as
compared to the low level.
- The highest decrease in serum triglycerides was found in osteoporotic groups fed on soybean
diet containing [15% dried fig fruit, 15% dried blueberry and ”5% dried plum,
5% dried fig fruit and 5% dried blueberry”].
Lipoproteins-cholesterol levels:
- The mean values of serum HDL-c, LDL-c and VLDL-c in healthy rats fed on basal diet were
(45.471 ±
2.286mg/dl, 26.266 ± 1.129 and 8.948 ± 0.554mg/dl), while these parameters were (48.667 ±
1.883mg/dl,
16.910 ± 1.650 and 7.908 ± 0.387mg/dl), respectively in healthy rats fed on soybean diet.
- Serum LDL-c and VLDL-c levels decreased significantly p<0.05 in the group fed on soybean diet,
while HDL-c increased significantly, as compared to the group fed on basal diet.
- Treating groups of rats which fed on basal diet or soybean diet with prednisone
acetate led to significant decrease p<0.05 in serum HDL-c, as compared to non- treated groups fed
on the same diets. While LDL-c and VLDL-c increased significantly.
- Serum HDL-c level increased gradually with increasing the level of dried plum, dried fig fruit,
dried blueberry and the combination from them.
- Non-significant difference in serum HDL-c was observed between the groups treated with 7.5%
dried fruits. The same trend was observed when used the level of 15% of dried fruits.
- The highest increase in serum HDL-c recorded for the osteoporotic groups fed on soybean diet
containing combination of (5% dried plum, 5% dried fig fruit and
5% dried blueberry) and 15% dried blueberry followed by the groups fed on the same diets containing
15% dried fig fruit and 15% dried plum, respectively.
- Treating osteoporotic groups with soybean diet containing (7.5% and 15%) from dried plum,
dried fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from them led to significant
decrease p<0.05 in serum LDL-c, as compared to the positive control groups.
- Serum LDL-c decreased gradually with increasing the level of dried plum, dried fig fruit, dried
blueberry and the combination from them.
- Treating osteoporotic rats with the combination of (5% dried plum, 5% dried fig fruit and 5%
dried blueberry) recorded the highest decrease in serum LDL-c, followed by the groups treated with
15% dried blueberry, 15% dried fig fruit and 15% dried plum, respectively.
- The highest decrease in serum VLDL-c was found in osteoporotic groups fed on soybean diet
containing [15% dried fig fruit, 15% dried blueberry and ”5% dried plum,
5% dried fig fruit and 5% dried blueberry”]. These treatments showed non-significant differences in
this parameter, as compared to the negative control group fed on basal diet.
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on Kidney
Functions of Osteoporotic Rats.
- Serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine levels decreased significantly p<0.05 in healthy
group fed on soybean diet, as compared to the healthy group fed on basal diet.
- Serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine decreased in healthy group fed on soybean diet by
about (15.417%,
19.748% and 21.745%), than that of healthy group fed on basal diet.
- Feeding rats on basal diet or soybean diet with prednisone acetate (4.5 ml/kg
body weight/day twice a week) induced significant increase p<0.05 in serum uric acid, urea nitrogen
and creatinine, as compared to the negative control groups (fed on basal diet or soybean diet). On
the other hand, osteoporotic group which fed on soybean diet and treated with prednisone acetate
led to significant decrease in serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine, as compared to
osteoporotic group fed on basal diet and treated with prednisone acetate.
- Treating osteoporotic groups with the tested fruits and their combination improved the mean
values of serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinen, as compared to the positive control groups.
- The highest decrease in serum uric acid recorded for the osteoporotic groups fed on soybean
diet containing low and high levels from the combination of (dried plum, dried fig fruit and dried
blueberry).
- The highest decrease in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine recorded for the
osteoporotic group fed on soybean diet containing high level from the combination of (dried plum,
dried fig fruit and dried blueberry), followed by the group treated with15% dried blueberry.
- Using the high levels from dried fruits achieved more effective in improving the kidney
function, than that of the low levels.
- Using the mix. of dried fruits ”with high levels” recorded the best results in decreasing serum
uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine, than that of the other treated groups.
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on Liver
Enzymes of Osteoporotic Rats.
- In healthy rats, soybean diet showed non-significant differences in the mean values of serum
AST, ALT and ALP, as compared to basal diet. While liver enzymes decreased significantly in
osteoporotic rats fed on soybean diet, as compared to the rats fed on basal diet.
- Feeding osteoporotic rats on soybean diet containing (7.5% and 15%) ”Dried plum, dried
fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from them” improved liver enzymes ”AST,
ALT and ALP”, as compared to the positive control groups ”fed on basal or soybean diets”. Or, on
the other side, using the low or high levels from dried fruits in treated the rats which suffer
from osteoporosis caused significant decrease in liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), as compared to
the positive control groups.
- Using the high levels from dried fruits achieved more effective in improving the liver enzymes,
than that of the low levels.
- Using the mix. of dried fruits ”with high levels” recorded
the best results in decreasing AST, ALT and ALP, followed by the group treated with 15%
dried blueberry.
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on serum calcium and phosphorus of Osteoporotic Rats.
- Feeding healthy rats on soybean diet showed significant increase in the mean values of serum
calcium and phosphorus, as compared to healthy rats fed on basal diet. On the other hand, these
menials increased significantly in osteoporotic rats fed on soybean diet, as compared to the
osteoporotic rats fed on basal diet.
- Feeding osteoporotic rats on soybean diet containing (7.5% and 15%) ”Dried plum, dried
fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from them” increased the mean values of
serum calcium and phosphorus, as compared to the positive control groups ”fed on basal or soybean
diets”. Using the low or high levels from dried fruits in treated the rats which suffer from
osteoporosis caused significant improvement in serum calcium and phosphorus, as compared to the
positive control groups.
- Using the high levels from dried fruits achieved more effective in improving the serum
calcium and phosphorus, than that of the low levels, except the groups which treated with dried
blueberry.
- Using the mix. of dried fruits ”with high levels” recorded the best results in increasing these
minerals ”together” , followed by the group treated with 15% dried fig fruit.
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on Bone Mineral Density BMD and Bone Mineral Concentration
BMC of Osteoporotic Rats.
- Feeding healthy rats on soybean diet showed non- significant differences in the mean values BMD
and BMC, as compared to healthy rats fed on basal diet. On the other hand, BMD and BMC decreased
significantly in osteoporotic rats fed on soybean or basal diet, as compared to the healthy rats
fed on the same diets.
- Feeding osteoporotic rats on soybean diet containing (7.5% and 15%) ”Dried plum, dried
fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from them” increased the mean values of
BMD and BMC, as compared to the positive control groups ”fed on basal or soybean diets”. Using the
low or high levels from dried fruits in treating the rats which suffer from osteoporosis caused
significant improvement in BMD and BMC, as compared to the positive control groups.
- Using the mix. of dried fruits ”with high levels” recorded the best results in increasing BMD
and BMC, followed by the group which treated with the mix. of dried fruits ”with low levels”.
- Using the mix. of dried fruits ”with high levels” recorded the best results in increasing these
minerals ”together” , followed by the group treated with 15% dried fig fruit.
Effect of Soybean and Some Dried Fruits on Bone Mineral Density BMD and Bone Mineral Concentration
BMC of Osteoporotic Rats.
- Feeding healthy rats on soybean diet showed non- significant differences in the mean values BMD
and BMC, as compared to healthy rats fed on basal diet. On the other hand, BMD and BMC decreased
significantly in osteoporotic rats fed on soybean or basal diet, as compared to the healthy rats
fed on the same diets.
- Feeding osteoporotic rats on soybean diet containing (7.5% and 15%) ”Dried plum, dried
fig fruit, dried blueberry and the mixture an equal amount from them” increased the mean values of
BMD and BMC, as compared to the positive control groups ”fed on basal or soybean diets”. Using the
low or high levels from dried fruits in treating the rats which suffer from osteoporosis caused
significant improvement in BMD and BMC, as compared to the positive control groups.
- Using the mix. of dried fruits ”with high levels” recorded the best results in increasing BMD
and BMC, followed by the group which treated with the mix. of dried fruits ”with low levels”.