الفهرس 
سمات الدولة العثمانيالإصلاحي فيها حتى مطلع القرن الثامن عشريوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The study deals with a presentation of the handwritten text
of the book ”The Principles of judgment in the Nations’ rules,”
by the Ottoman writer ”Ibrahim Muteferrika” through translating
it into Arabic and studying and investigating it with complete
study. It also deals with the reference to the characteristics of
the Ottoman Empire since its inception in 1299 AD / 699 AH, and
until the early twelfth century AH / eighteenth century, and the
most important aspects of weakness which it faced and was the
cause and the factor of its collapse later in the early twentieth
century. Then the study shows the conditions and the political
situation of the Ottoman Empire in the early twelfth century /
eighteenth century of Hegira Calendar, and the most important
battles and war treaties, that signed in that period, and the
characteristics of sultans’ eras who appointed the
Administration of the Ottoman Empire Affairs at the time. The
study also included glimpses of the life of the author of the book
under study and his cultural background and his role in the
introduction of the printing press to the Ottoman Empire for the
first time in its history.
The study relied on historical research methodology
through extrapolation of events and reviewing the sources and
depending on different Turkish, English and Arabic references.
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The study was divided into the introduction and two
sections; the introduction discusses the most important
features of the Ottoman state since its inception, as well as the
most important causes of vulnerability, which the Ottoman state
faced.It was divided into internal and external causes, and it
varied between the corruption of the central administration in
the state, and the lack of political experience among some of the
sultans, in addition to poor conditions of the Ottoman army and
navy, and the deterioration of the financial situation and
economic conditions in general. The continuous defeats, which
the State incurred, was also one of the powerful factors that
imposed a retarded situation between its surrounding countries.
Then the introduction displays some reform attempts made
by thinkers and Ottoman political leaders, among them was,
”Lutfi Pasha”, and ”Hassan Kafi Alaqahsari”, and ”Quggi Bey.”
They wrote their reformatory ideas and submitted it to the
sultans to contribute in presenting and solving the reasons for
the state faltering.
The first section of the study includes three chapters; as
follows:
1. The first chapter titled ”The Conditions of the Ottoman
Empire in the early eighteenth century / twelfth century of
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Hegira Calendar.The study shows a presentation of the
results of the defeats of the military which the Ottoman
Empire suffered and the consequent unfair treaties to its
right, and the most important facts and crises that
happened in that important period of the Ottoman Empire
history.
2. The second chapter titled ”Ibrahim Motafrqh, his early life,
education, culture, and his role in the Ottoman Empire”;
included a narration of Motafrqh’s European origin, and
how he joined the Ottoman Empire, and his most important
works, as well as his role in the establishment of the first
printing press in Islamic history
3. The third chapter titled ”The Book of Principles of
judgment in the Nations’ rules and its importance in the
Ottoman thoughts.” The study discussed the book with
analysis and explanation, and viewed the reformatory
ideas of the author, which he tried to present it in order to
be applied in the Ottoman military establishment with the
help of the modern European ways - at that time- to
contribute in the development of the Ottoman Army.
The other part of the study included a translation of the
book ”The Principles of judgment in the Nations’ rules” from the
Ottoman Turkish language to the Arabic language and
translating it by using translating texts approach.
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The study concluded several results, including, for
example:
1. The discontinuity of the Ottoman Empire to stick to its
characteristics, which was one of its power features and
glory, led to its weakness and the loss of much of its
territory and influence, and this was clear in the early
eighteenth century.
2. The importance of applying reformatory ideas advocated
by its dedicated political leaders and thinkers in order to
improve the status of the state if it was faced by weakness
and collapse factors.
3. Ibrahim Motafrqh is the first Ottomans thinkers demanding
the development of the Ottoman army by imitating the
European armies advanced systems.
4. Ibrahim Motafrqh asked to pay attention to the geography
science and drawing maps as they have a large impact on
the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, as well as in its
battles with enemies