الفهرس 
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Abstract
Spondylolisthesis is the most common cause of structural back pain in children and adolescents and common condition in elderly patients after the fifth decade.
Spondylolisthesis is the anterior slippage of one vertebral body relative to the adjacent one. It can be divided into five different types based on etiology, first described by Newman and Stone: congenital, spondylolytic, traumatic, degenerative, and pathologic. [1]
The degree of Spondylolisthesis is defined as the percentage of slippage of the vertebral body relative to the adjacent one, with grade 1 indicating only a 0% to 25% slip, grade 2 a 26% to 50% slip, grade 3 a 51% to 75% slip, grade 4 a 76% to 100% slip, and grade 5 greater than 100% slippage (also referred to as spondyloptosis).
Grade 1 or 2 Spondylolisthesis is low grade, and grade 3 or higher is high-grade. [2]
Degenerative Spondylolisthesis is due to a combination of arthritic and degenerative changes in the disc and facet joints that leads to spinal stenosis and vertebral body displacement.
Isthmic Spondylolisthesis results from elongation or traumatic fractures of the pars interarticularis, which lead to dissociation of the anterior and posterior vertebral arches. [3]
Patients typically present with low back pain, radiculopathy, neurogenic claudication, and/or vesicorectal dysfunction.
The optimal treatment for patients with Spondylolisthesis has been the subject of many recent studies which provide some of the best evidence for lumbar spinal fusion: In appropriate candidates, surgical intervention is superior to nonoperative treatment. [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]