الفهرس 
Primary virus Concentration methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The results obtained from this study can be summarized in the following points:
1. Glass wool filters were effective in concentrating pathogens
in water with a wide range of turbidity levels. Recoveries across the three water matrices ranged
from 22.1% to 72.7% for the bacteria and 9.2% to 70.2% for the viruses. Bacteria had higher
recoveries than the viruses, and among the viruses poliovirus had the highest recovery.
2. Twenty three sewage sludge samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants; 6 were raw
sewage sludge and
17 were Class B biosolids (Treated sewage sludge). Samples were processed and
concentrate volumes equivalent to 4g total solids were assayed on BGM and PLC cell lines. Cell
monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) after two passages of 14 days
each. Monolayers exhibiting viral CPE were tested for the presence of adenoviruses and
enteroviruses by PCR or reverse transcription-PCR. Seventy four percent of the samples exhibited
CPE on PLC/PRF/5 cells, and 57%
showed CPE on BGM cells. CPE was also observed earlier with the PLC/PRF/5 cells than with the BGM
cells, averaging 3 and 5 to 8 days, respectively.
3. PLC/PRF/5 cell line proved to be able to detect culturable viruses in more raw and treated
sewage sludge samples than the BGM cell line.
4. The Handheld UV light with a 48 second exposure time easily met the requirements for
inactivation of the test organisms as established by the USEPA and NSF. However,
poliovirus and rotavirus could not be inactivated even after a 144 seconds in the challenge test
water. After filtration of the water through two µ m pore size filter the 4 log reduction was
achieved.
5. For inactivating viruses under general water quality conditions at pH 7.5 and worst water
quality conditions at pH 9.0 using two types of household bleach; Poliovirus and rotavirus were
reduced by more than four logs at room temperature at both pH 7.5 and 9.0. High turbidity
(30
NTU) and the presence of organic matter seriously interfered with the action of the
bleach and both brands are failed to inactivate the viruses at both pH 7.5, 9.0 and at
25ºC, 5ºC temperature conditions.
Recommendations:
1. Having one simple method for concentrating multiple types of waterborne pathogens is
advantageous for assessing pathogen levels in water and the associated health risk. We demonstrated
that inexpensive and easily constructed glass wool filters are effective for concentrating a
variety of waterborne viral and bacterial pathogens. The method is applicable to water quality
assessment and source tracking.
2. The combination of the BGM cell line with primary liver carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5) cell line for the
monitoring of viruses in environmental samples is recommended to increase the sensitivity for the
detection of enteric viruses.
3. In emergency condition such as camping or rafting; both handheld UV light and household bleach
are good disinfectants for inactivating viruses under general water quality conditions.