الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the study
Anatomy and physiology of the heartOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cardiac catheterization is the most invasive diagnostic
procedure in which a radiopaque catheter is inserted through a
peripheral blood vessel into the heart. The catheter is usually
introduced through percutaneous technique, in which the
catheter is threaded through a large-bore needle into the vein.
The catheter is guided through the heart with the aid of
fluoroscopy, after that the tip of the catheter is within a heart
chamber, contrast material is injected, and films are taken of
the dilution and circulation of the material (angiography)
(Jowett et al., 2007).
Cardiac catheterization is the most invasive diagnostic
procedure, can lead to serious complications and occasionally
death. Complications related to catheter insertion and
manipulations include serious arrhythmias, heart block,
cardiac perforation, hypoxic spells, arterial obstruction,
hemorrhage, and infection. Complications related to contrast
injection include reactions to the contrast material,
intramyocardial injection, and renal complications as
hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, and anuria (Hockenberry &
Wilson, 2009).
Complications related to exposure to sedations, and
medications include hypothermia, acidemia, hypoglycemia, convulsion, hypotension, and respiratory depression, which are
more likely to occur in newborns. The risk of cardiac
catheterization and angiography varies with the child’s age and
illness, the type of lesion and the experience of the physician
doing the procedure (Mandleco, 2006).