الفهرس 
التقويم والتقييم في العمل الإرشاديOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Wheat is the first stable food crop in Egypt, since bread is
ever available and indispensable for the poor and the rich alike
in every meal. Wheat is essential in making pasta and desserts.
Wheat production is inadequate to meet Egypt’s consumption
needs, hence a food gap of four million ton/year was created
and large sums of foreign currency and a deficit on trade
balance emerged as a result .
To achieve self‐sufficiency of wheat production, effective
dynamics are being underway in two major directions, i.e. the
first through the vertical expansion in terms of increasing
wheat yield per faddan via creating high yield of high
resistance to pests and disease varieties, proper applying of
manure and chemical fertilizers, optimum use of irrigating
water, agricultural mechanization pre and post harvesting and
proper storage of wheat crop, meanwhile, horizontal
expansion via increasing the area grown with wheat in the
newly reclaimed lands is the second direction to be
undertaken.
Wheat is now a rain‐fed crop grown in around 21
thousands faddans along the Northwest Coast, supplementary
irrigation is provided, minimizing crop los during harvest and
marketing are required as well as increasing the area grown
with wheat via increasing the incentive pricing.
Therefore, agricultural extension is a major reliable
approach in realizing agricultural development in terms of
increasing agricultural crops in general and grain crops in
particular, since agricultural extension represents and integrated educational system to the official education with a
view to prepare farmers to deal with the environmental
conditions and have the ability to make change through
education and cooperation with the other systems which
provide farmers with knowledge, skills and positive attitude
which help increase their environmental awareness.
Hence, comes the importance of the vital role of
agricultural extension via creating several programs on
environmental extension that are based on exploring the
aspects of the current environmental status to handle the
weaknesses and failure in the absence of the environmental
information systems. So, the efficiency of the agricultural
extension system depends on orienting the farmers toward
developing the environmental awareness of rain‐fed wheat
growers so as to do the farm work in a clean, pollution free
agricultural environment.
In conformity with the research problem, the study
objectives were focused on the following aspects:
1‐ Identifying the role of agricultural extension in developing
the environmental awareness of rain‐fed wheat growers at
the study area (from their point of view), via the following
objectives:
A‐ To get to know the respondents’ opinion about the
efficiency of the agricultural extension to perform its role
toward enhancing the environmental awareness of rain‐fed
wheat growers B‐ To recognize the level of growers’ knowledge to the
environmental and technical practices of rain‐fed wheat
growing.
C‐ To identify the level of growers’ implementing the
environmental and technical of rain‐fed wheat growing.
D‐ To identify the sources of growers’ knowledge to the
environmental and technical practices of rain‐fed wheat
growing.
E‐ To get to know the sources of convincing growers to
implement the environmental and technical practices of
rain‐fed wheat growers.
2‐ Defining the relationship between the degree that express
the role of agricultural extension as a dependent variable and
the studied independent variables by means of:
A‐ To define the relationship between respondents’ opinion
concerning the role of agricultural extension performed
toward improving the environmental awareness of rainfed
growers as dependent variable and the studied
independent variables.
B‐ To define the relationship between the level of growers’
knowledge to the environmental and technical practices as
dependent variable and the studied independent
variables.
C‐ To define the relationship between the level of growers’
implementing the environmental and technical of rain‐fed wheat growing as dependent variable and the studied
independent variables.
3‐ Recognizing the production and environmental problems
that face rain‐fed wheat growers.
4‐ Proposing a future work plan to rectify the role of
agricultural extension to enhance environmental
awareness for rain‐fed wheat growers at the study area.
To realize the study objectives, the geographic and
human field as follows: the geographic field was represented
in Matroh Governorate as the biggest areas grown as a rainfed
crop in 21 thousands faddans with an average yield of 2.5
Ardeb, whereas the total yield of wheat crop for the last
winter season was around 138960 KG.
The human from included all rain‐fed wheat growers in
all Matroh Centers i.e.( Al Hammam, Al Alamain, Al Dabaa,
Marsa Matroh, Al Negeila, Sidi Barani and Al Saloum) as the
number of growers was 1471, 73, 385, 139, 748 and 1240
respectively, the total number of growers was 4056, a simple
randomized sample of 351 wheat growers respondents
representing 8.65 % of the total sample as 127 respondents at
Al Hammam Center, 7 ones at Al Alamain, 33 ones at Al
Dabaa, 12 ones at Marsa Matrouh, 65 ones at Al Negeila and
107 respondents at Sidi Barani and Al Saloum.
The study adopted the social survey method through
selecting a randomized sample of rain‐fed wheat growers in
Matroh Governorate, the quantitative method was also
adopted to obtain the results and indications from previous information, facts and studies. The analytical method was
used to process the data collected by the study to do the
statistical analysis of the mathematical patterns and the
statistical hypotheses as well.
To study the relationship between the studied independent
variables and the dependent variables, the theoretical and
statistical hypotheses that can describe the type of such
relation were derived, as well as to achieve the study
objectives, so three general hypotheses were formed, out of
which 78 statistical hypotheses was created. Data were
collected during the period from Dec 2012 until Feb 2013 vie
personal interviews using questionnaire form.
The study concluded the following results:
1‐ Indication of how efficiently the agricultural extension is
performing its role in developing the environmental
awareness of rain‐fed wheat growers
Came under the low category of 65.2% results showed
that most of respondents the indication of the role of
agricultural extension in raising environmental awareness of
rain‐fed wheat growers, when adding the medium category,
the percentage would reach 92.3% of the total study sample,
indicating the low performance done by agricultural
extension from respondent’ viewpoint.
There were seven independent variables out of the total
explain about 45.1% of the variance in the role of agricultural
extension toward raising environmental awareness of rainfed
wheat growers ( the first dependent variable) of the study sample using the Step‐Wise analysis i.e. official social
participation, sources of agricultural information, attitude
toward agricultural extension, area grown with rain‐fed
wheat, renovation, tendency toward agricultural updates and
change preparedness.
2‐ The level of grower’s knowledge to the environmental and
technical practices of rain‐fed wheat growing.
Results showed that most of the respondents (87.5%) came
under the medium category of the indicator of the level of
growers’ knowledge to environmental and technical practices
of rain‐fed wheat growing, together with the low category
percentage of the indicator, it would come to (92.9%) of the
total study sample, indicating the low level of respondent’s
knowledge to the optimum practices of rain‐fed wheat
growing.
There were eight independent variables out of the total
studied independent ones explain about 78.1% of the variation
in the degree of level of respondent’s knowledge to the
environmental and technical practices of rain‐fed wheat
growing ( the second dependent variable) of the study sample
using the Step‐Wise analysis method, i.e. years of experience
in growing rain‐fed wheat, source of agricultural information,
tendency toward applying agricultural technology updates,
official social participation, area grown with rain‐fed wheat,
the minor occupation, change preparedness and years of
experience in agricultural work. .
3‐ The growers’ level of implementing the environmental and
technical practices of growing rain‐fed wheat .
Results showed that most of respondents (82.1%) fell under
the medium category the indicator of growers’ level of implementing the environmental and technical practices of
rain‐fed wheat growing, adding the low category of the
indicator increased the percentage to( 94.9%) of the total
study sample, indicating the low level of implementing such
practices by respondents.
There was seven independent variables of the total studied
independent ones that explain about 55.2% of the total
variation in the degree of growers’ level of implementing such
practices (3rd dependent variable) using the Step‐Wise
analysis i.e. years of experience in growing rain‐fed wheat,
years of experience in the farming work, official social
participation, area grown with rain‐fed wheat, readiness to
change sources of agricultural information and the second
occupation.
4 ‐ Indication of the sources of respondent’s knowledge of
environmental and technical recommendations of growing
rain‐fed wheat .
Results indicated that sources of respondents’
knowledge to such practices vary with the different
agricultural practices, some practices were of government
extensional sources (agricultural guide, agronomist, research
stations researchers, staff at the College of Agriculture,
government media and some were of non‐government
extensional sources (personal expertise, friends and
neighbors, owners of agricultural supply stores)
It also showed that government extensional sourced
topped the following practices: sowing date with 59.8%,
varieties with 85.5%, seed amount with 84.9%, seed
preparation before planting with57.3%, supplementary
irrigation with 59.2%, weed control with 82.6%, harvesting with 80.0%, whereas the non‐government extensional
sources topped the following operations: planting method
with 56.7%, tilling with 79.8% and fertilizing with 82.6%.
5‐ The sources of convincing respondents to implement the
environmental and technical practices of growing rain‐fed
wheat. .
Results indicated that sources of convincing the
respondents to carry out the environmental and technical
practices of growing rain‐fed wheat vary with the different
farming operation, some came from government extensional
sources (agricultural guide, agronomist, research stations
researchers, staff at the College of Agriculture, government
media and some were of non‐government extensional
sources (personal expertise, friends and neighbors, owners of
agricultural supply stores), It also showed that government
extensional sourced topped the following practices: sowing
date with 56.9%, varieties with 82.6%, seed amount with
80.1%, seed preparation before planting with 51.3%,
supplementary irrigation with 53.8%, weed control with
57.3%, harvesting with 51.8%, whereas the non‐government
extensional sources topped the following operations: planting
method with 51.6%, tilling with 56.9% and fertilizing with
56.9%.
6‐ Production and environment problems that respondents
face in growing rain‐fed wheat, and their solving
suggestions.
Respondents mentioned 9 problems in terms of growing
rain‐fed wheat at the study area as follows: lack of rainfall
prediction with 85.7%, traders’ manipulating of buying wheat
at low prices with 58.4%, the poor government services
rendered to rain‐fed wheat growers at the study area with 54.4%, inefficient pesticides sold at the agricultural supply
stores with 51.3%, lack of agricultural skilled labor in growing
rain‐fed wheat with 50.1%, pesticides side effects to the
environment of growing rain‐fed wheat with 42.7%,
insufficient agricultural extension staff who work in growing
rain‐fed wheat with28.89% and exploiting the high rainfall
rate coastal areas for tourism purposes with 23.9%.
Respondents also reported 8 suggestions to overcome
production and environment problems in terms of growing
rain‐fed wheat at the study area
as follows: spread the rainfall dates at the required amount
for growing rain‐red wheat at the study area with 85.7%,
rainfall catchments to supplement the irrigation of wheat
with 77.2%, step up the extension activities rendered by
extension staff to rain‐fed wheat growers with 54.7%,
increasing the government services with 54.4%, providing
skilled labor for growing rain‐fed wheat with 50.1%,
minimizing the application of pesticides with 46.4%,
minimizing the application of mineral fertilizers with 42.7%,
passing the laws that ban utilizing the coastal areas of the
high rainfall rate for non‐agricultural purposes with 23.9%.
7‐ Future work plan for agricultural extension to raise the
environmental awareness of rain‐fed wheat growers at the
study area
Since the study aims at adjusting the role of agriculture
extension toward raising the environmental awareness of
rain‐fed wheat growers in Matroh Governorate, and the
results that showed that (92.3 %) of respondents mentioned
that the role of agricultural extension fell under the
moderate and low categories besides that (92.9%) fell under
the medium and low categories to the environmental and technical practices and that (94.9%) fell under the medium
and low implementing categories, so, the study concluded
that the agricultural extension intensify its role in
disseminating the growing of rain‐fed wheat among the
farmers and implement that practices in their fields via
conducting the current and future activities and extensional
duties by means of setting an extensional work plan in the
form of extensional messages to be guidance when setting
the agricultural program to upgrade and develop rain‐fed
growing at the study area.
The study concluded the following recommendations
that help enhance the performance of agricultural
extension toward raising environmental awareness of rainfed
wheat growers in Matroh Governorate :
1‐ Agricultural extension staff at that area are to consider
the means that help upgrade the performance of
agriculture extension through holding extension
symposiums and workshops, particularly during the
production season of growing rain‐fed wheat to train
the growers on the latest techniques of growing rainfed
wheat.
2‐ Since most of the respondents of rain‐fed wheat growers
fell under the moderate and low categories of
knowledge and implementation, so intensive
agricultural efforts are to be done to spread the
practices of growing rain‐fed wheat via activities and
programs that convince farmers to adopt them to
increase their income and raise their living standard as
a result.
3‐ The agricultural extension system has to create other
sources and means that provide the farmers with the knowledge and practices, kens and neighbors are
important sources, indicating the importance of the
local leaders and provide them with the technical
pamphlets and recommendations that are related to all
the agricultural production and conduct symposiums
and training courses to get to know their viewpoints
and attitudes toward such recommendations.
4‐ To help growers in Matroh to tackle their problems via
the interest to implement the following suggestions:
spreading the dates of rainfall at the required amounts
for growing rain‐fed wheat, catching rainfall water to be
used as supplementary irrigation to rain‐fed wheat
fields, step up government services, providing the
skilled labor for growing rain‐fed wheat , minimize the
use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers for their harm
on the environment, issuing laws to ban using the
coastal areas of high rainfall rate in non‐agricultural
purposes.
5‐The future studies on rectifying the role of agricultural
extension are to focus on the farmers‐related variables
that are not included in the study and possible of the
role of agricultural extension in improving the
agricultural production in Matroh Governorate or the
other desert areas that are similar to it.
6‐ Conducting similar studies to include the different
agricultural activities conducted by agricultural
extension in the new lands so that real indications can
be created to uplift the agricultural extension work and
enhancing its role in achieving development in the new
lands.