الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis aims to investigate the best method to use for upgrading
existing water treatment plants in Egypt to be able to remove natural
organic matter (NOM) based on a techno-economic comparison. Three
methods are selected namely: granular activated carbon (GAC),
ultrafiltraton (UF) and ion exchange (IEX).
The technical comparison considered the performance, need for skilled
workers, ability to deal with shock loads, waste production, O&M
needed time and life time of the media. The financial comparison
considered capital cost, running cost and media/membrane regeneration
or replacement. The analysis results indicated that the UF is the most
effective method from the technical point of view followed by IEX then
GAC. However from the financial point of view, GAC is the cheapest
method (0.16 LE/m³), followed by IEX (0.33 LE/m³) then UF (0.53LE/m³).