الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
The steadily increasing applications of radiation in clinical practice, industrial and agricultural activities, on top of residual radioactivity resulting from nuclear test explosions, have a measurable impact contributing to possible radiation hazardous in human. Exposure to ionizing radiation represents a genuine increasing threat to mankind and his environment. Ionizing radiations interact with biological system through two actions, the direct one action occurs when radioactive rays hit directly the macromolecules in the cell as DNA, RNA, Proteins ... etc., causing hazardous effects. The indirect action occurs through free radicals generated by water radiolysis which interact with macromolecules. These direct and indirect actions play an important role in the induction of oxidative stress leading to cellular damage and organs dysfunctions.
Heavy metals become toxic when their concentrations in the living organism exceed certain limits. They accumulate in various organs and induce toxicity which, cause tissues damage. Many heavy metals may induced over production of ROS and consequently enhance lipid peroxidation, decrease the saturated fatty acids and increase the unsaturated fatty acids contents of membranes.
This study was carried out on forty adult male albino rats. The animals were divided equally into eight groups as follow: Group 1: negative control group; Group2: positive control group (Kiwi Group); Group 3: (Irradiated group): Those rats were exposed to single dose gamma irradiation; Group 4 (Irradiation + kiwi group): The rats were exposed to 4Gy, single dose gamma irradiation, and then the animals were fed with Kiwi essence orally until the end of the experiment; Group 5 (Cobalt chloride group): The animals were received cobalt chloride solution orally twice a week for six weeks; Group 6 (Cobalt chloride + kiwi group): The animals of this group were received cobalt chloride solution orally twice a week for six weeks and were fed with Kiwi essence orally until the end of the experiment; Group 7 (Nickel sulphate group): The animals were received orally nickel sulphate twice a week for six weeks; Group 8 (Nickel sulphate + kiwi group): Those rats were received orally nickel sulphate twice a week for six weeks and were fed with kiwi essence orally until the end of the experiment.
After then the animals of each of the above group were scarified, blood sample was collected and serum was separated. Liver and kidney for each animal were quickly removed and prepared for histological studies.
The fresh kiwi fruits were obtained from a local commercial supplier during the summer. Fruits were sliced and dried in a ventilated incubator at 45°C for 5 days. The dried fruit was then ground. One hundred grams of the powder kiwi was extracted at room temperature by percolation method using methanol.
Treatment of rats with kiwi alone didn’t endue detectable significant change in any of the investigated biochemical parameters, compared to the normal control group, confirming their safe administration. In contrast, the γ- irradiation and two heavy metal exposure induced the following:
• A significant reduction in body mass.
• A significant increase in liver enzymes activities.
• A significant increase in total bilirubin.
• A significant decrease in total protein, Albumin level.
• A significant increase in A/G ratio.
• A significant increase in cholesterol, LDL-C and TG.
• A significant reduction in HDL-C.
• A significant increase in kidney function parameters (Urea and Creatinine).
• A significant decrease in total antioxidant activity.
• Histopathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues.
There were significant differences in the concentrations of the Alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST), γ-glutamyl transferase activity, Total bilirubin concentration, Serum total protein, Albumin level, Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), Lipid profile: serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, serum High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum alterations induced by heavy metals intoxication : Co+2(gp5) or Ni+2 (gp7) ions solutions or exposed to 4Gy single irradiation dose (gp3) compared to both negative (gp1) and positive (gp2) control groups.
Hence, the results of this study suggest that administration of kiwi after γ- irradiation or along with Ni or Co ions treatments ameliorated the observed elevation in serum levels of liver enzymes activities, total bilirubin, lipid profile parameters and kidney function parameters. In contrast, a significant increase in the serum levels of HDL-C, total
The whole body γ- irradiation or Co or Ni ions treatments induced significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the serum total protein and albumin concentrations respectively compared to the two control groups.
Detectable increases in the A/G ratio could be registered for groups subjected to γ- irradiation or to heavy metals treatment.
The serum HDL reduced significantly (p<0.05) after γ- irradiation exposure or heavy metals administration.
Rats exposed to γ-radiation (gp3), Co (gp5) or Ni (gp7) showed a significant increase in the creatinine level compared with the negative control group (gp1) and positive control group (gp2).
The urea concentration values were significantly increased under different treatments, namely, γ- irradiation or Co+2 or Ni+2 ions solutions administration, in rat blood serum as compared to the two control groups.
Based on light microscopic examinations, the rats exposed to single dose γ-irradiation (gp3) revealed the congestion in the sclerotic blood vessels at the cortex associated with inflammatory cells in the perivascular area.
There was congestion in the cortical blood vessels with cystic dilatation in the tubules post 6 weeks from administration of Co+2 ion solution (gp5).
Exposure to γ-irradiation (gp3) induced changes in the portal area and showed dilatation in the portal vein, oedema and inflammatory cells infiltration surrounding the cystic bile ducts.
Co+2 ions solution treated group (gp5), the element induced haemorrhage in the Glasson’s capsule associated with degeneration in the hepatocytes. There was sever congestion in the central and portal veins associated with diffuse Kupffer cells proliferation in between the hepatocytes.
Also Ni+2 ions induced congestion that was observed in the central and portal vein as well as hepatic sinusoids associated with degeneration in the hepatocytes in the group treated with NiSO4 solution (gp7).
Kiwi fruits contain abundant vitamins, polyphenols, and lipophilic constituents. The results of the present study try to prove that, treatment with kiwi extract may protect the hepatic and renal tissues against damaging effect of ionizing radiation and/or cobalt or nickel solutions induced toxicities based on biochemical indices and histological studies.
The losses in body mass may be attributed to the toxic induced effects of the γ- irradiation or heavy metals treatments that accompanied with an imbalance, metabolism produced through impairing their role in these metal dependant enzymes which are necessary for many metabolic processes.
The increase on the activities of the hepatic enzymes levels in serum is mainly due to the leakage out of these substances from the liver cytosol into the blood stream which can be considered as an indication for the hepatoxic effect of these pollutants.
Increase in bilirubin, due to irradiation may be referred to the oxidative stress induced by irradiation.
Based on the data reached, it was noticed that impairment in glomerular filtration and renal damage accompanied with significant increase in the levels of renal functional markers (urea and creatinine) under Ni or Co ions or radiation exposure stress which may resulted from the cellular damage as a result to excess free radical production in the treated rats. It could be attributed to the oxidative stress, which has been occurred, due to two metals or radiation toxicities.