الفهرس 
Review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
Respiratory diseases of animals are of economic importance because of the losses and high death rates caused by them. Respiratory diseases produce great losses to the live stock industry in many ways. In addition, respiratory viruses like BVD, IBR, PI-3, and BRSV viruses were incriminated in pneumoentritis syndrome. The present study was planned for preparation and evaluation of combined inactivated respiratory viruses’ vaccines from BVD, IBR, PI-3, and BRS viruses by using mineral oils, which are Marcol-52 and Paraffin oils and natural oil Nigella sativa oil. We aim to compare the efficacy of natural oil as adjuvant against the mineral oils. Then compare these prepared vaccines with the alum gel inactivated one ’Pneumo-4’.
Safety of the oil adjuvants were tested by inoculation of calves with the oil used in the work intramuscularly at concentration of 50%. We found that the calves show neither hematoma nor abnormal enlargement at the site of injection. Calves that were injected with the Marcol-52 oil adjuvants showed slight enlargement with toughness and tenderness with injection as the viscosity of the emulsion was high. These signs toke more time than the other oil adjuvants to disappear and the skin became normal.
The evaluation of the prepared combined inactivated oil adjuvanted vaccines was conducted in the laboratory as follows:
1- Sterility and purity testes:
These results were regulated through the American Protocol, US code of Federal Regulations (CFR, 1987). The obtained results proved that the vaccines were pure/free from any bacterial, fungal and mycoplasma contamination. As well, it was proved that the vaccines were free from other viral agents. 2-Safety test:
Safety test was performed on mice and guinea pigs and revealed that there is neither clinical abnormalities nor deaths were observed among inoculated mice and guinea pigs through the observation period. In calves, safety results revealed neither elevation of body temperature nor appearance of any clinical abnormalities in calves during 21 days of observation. These results indicate safety of the prepared vaccines.
3-Potency test:
The test was performed on fifty mixed breed Friesian and local calves. Sera were collected at 0, 14, 21, 28 days post first dose of vaccination. All serum samples were examined for development of BVD, IBR, PI-3 and BRSV antibodies by SNT. from the obtained data, on the 30th day post initial vaccination the mean serum neutralizing antibody titres in vaccinated calves with Nigella sativa oil group showed the highest mean among all types of vaccines and viruses as follows:
oBVD virus to 2.34 login.
oIBR virus to 2.28 logio.
oPI-3 virus to 2.58 logio.
oBRSV virus to 2.40 login.
While the group vaccinated with the Pneumo-4 show the lowest level of the serum neutralizing antibody titres among all groups and viruses as
follows:
oBVD virus to 1.68 logo.
oIBR virus to 1.47 logio.
oPI-3 virus to 1.77 logio.
oBRSV virus to 2.40 logto.
Challenge exposure test was applied at 28 days post initial vaccination of calves. Clinical findings of vaccinated calves after challenge with the virulent viruses showed slight nasal discharge and slight increase in rectal temperature where the maximum-recorded temperature was 38.9°C post challenge and then returned normal.
Trials of virus reisolation indicated that each vaccinal viruses used were reisolatedfrom vaccinated challenged calves for 2 days only post challenge but in control infected calves the viruses were isolated for 12 days post infection
Serum neutralization test has been used for quantization of antibodies and duration of immunity each vaccinal virus in each prepared vaccines. Serum neutralizing antibody titres in vaccinated groups Al, Bl, C 1 , and D1 (Table 1, 2, 3, and 4) showed high titers in their sera at 21-day post initial vaccination indicating higher potency of the prepared vaccines than the minimum accepted titre and was adequate to protect susceptible animals from infection. Serum neutralizing antibody titers in group B1 which vaccinated with the vaccine adjuvanted with Nigella Sativa oil showed rapid onset and the highest level among all groups. Serum titres were at 14 days post first vaccination 1.88, 1.71, 1.98, and 1.98 for BVD, IBR, P1-3, and BRSV viruses respectively. While in paraffin oil group the serum neutralizing antibody titres were 0.55, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.50 for BVD, IBR, PI-3, and BRSV viruses respectively. Marcol-52 oil group showed high antibody titre than paraffin group 1.10, 0.90, 1.15, and 0.90 for BVD, IBR, PI-3, and BRSV viruses respectively but still less than those of Nigella sativa oil group.
The serum neutralizing antibody titres were increased at 28 days post initial vaccination specially the Nigella Sativa oil vaccine (Table 1, 2, 3, and 4). This group showed the highest level among all viruses and groups 2.43, 2.28, 2.58, and 2.40 for BVD, IBR, P1-3, and BRSV viruses respectively. Serum neutralizing antibody titres increased to the highest level among all viruses and groups by the day 45 post initial vaccination. The titres remained stable until the 5th month for oil groups and the 4th month for the aluminum hydroxide gel group. The titres began to decrease gradually until reach the detected serum neutralizing antibody titres were still in the protective level at 10th month for the Nigella Sativa oil group, 9th month for other oil groups and 7th month for the gel group.
A field experiment was performed to evaluate the combined inactivated respiratory vaccine adjuvanted with Nigella sativa oil. The field condition was achieved in a private farm located in Domiatta Governorate. They were at late stage of pregnancy (third trimester) and divided as follows, seven pregnant cows were kept for evaluation of the vaccine and three pregnant cows were kept as non-vaccinated control animals. The neutralizing antibody started to increase following vaccination at 3 weeks post vaccination above the protective level and increase to maximal level before parturition (Table 5). The antibodies gradually decreased towards the seven month post parturition and reached to the minimal protective level of immunity. The SN titers of the calves delivered to the dams at 1St month of vaccination showed no significance (P = 0.360) in relation to that delivered to cows at 3rd month of
vaccination.