الفهرس 
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Abstract
A random samples of twenty six water samples (13 tap water samples and 13 ground water samples) were collected from some poultry farms in Kalyobia Governorate and subjected to chemical examination to evaluate their hygienic quality. The effect of environmental temperature (seasonal variation) and drinking water quality (as a vaccinal diluent) on the humoral immune response of broilers to ND and Gumboro vaccines was studied. The temperature and period of incubation and age of birds from which RBCs were collected where studied as factors affecting the results of HI test for determination of humoral immune response against ND virus vaccine. I. Chemical analysis of water samples showed the following results : 1-Reaction (PH value) : Ranged from 7.38 to 7.81 for ground water samples and from 7.31 to 7.72 for tap water samples and all samples were satisfied. 2-Ammonia : Ranged from 0.98 to 9.04 mg/L for ground water samples, while for tap water samples it ranged from 0.92 to 5.26 mg/L. All samples exceeded the permissible limit (0.5 mg/L.). 3-Nitrite : Ranged from 0.14 to 1.16 mg/L for ground water samples and 0.13 - 0.98 mg/L for tap water samples, all samples exceeded the limit for poultry drinking water (zero mg/L). 4-Nitrates : The concentration for ground water samples varied from 12.90 to 56.18 mg/L, while for Tap water samples it varied from 13.48 to 49.76 mg/L, 92.31% from ground water samples and 69.23 % from tap water samples exceeded the maximum limit for poultry drinking water (30 mg/L). 5-Phosphate : varied from 2.8 to 6.22 mg /L for ground water samples, while for tap water samples it ranged from 2.38 to 5.59 mg/L. 6-Chlorides : Ranged from 24 to 246.5 mg/L for ground water samples and from 29 to 299 mg/L for tap water samples; 76.92% from the examined ground water samples were within the permissible limit of W.H.O. (1971) (200 mg/L) while 92.31% from tap water samples were within the limit. 7-Total hardness : Ranged from 244 to 890 mg/L (as Ca Co 3) for ground water samples and from 216 to 690 mg/L for tap water samples; all samples exceeded the permissible limit of W.H.O. 1971 (100 mg/L), but only 23.08% from ground water samples exceeded the maximum level (500 mg/L) and 7.69 % from tap water samples exceeded this level. 8-Organic mater : varied from 0.2 to 2.8 mg/L for ground water samples and from zero to 2.2 mg/L for tap water samples. 9-Total dissolved solids : Ranged from 400 to 1500 mg/L for ground water samples and from 400 to 1200 mg/L for tap water samples; Neither ground nor tap water samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit of W.H.O. (1971) (1500 mg/L). Il - Effect of vaccinal diluent and environmental temperature on humoral immune response to ND and Gumboro vaccines was studied : Regarding Newcastle disease vaccine, the highest mean of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response was found in the group received the vaccine diluted in distilled water with 1% skim milk, followed by the groups of distilled water and ground water with milk, while the group received the vaccine diluted in tap water recorded the lowest response. Studying the effect of environmental temperature showed that the mean (HI) antibody response was higher in summer than in winter. For Gumboro vaccine the mean antibody titers were the highest in the group received the vaccine diluted in distilled water with 1 % skim milk followed by the groups of distilled water alone, while tap water remained the worst as a vaccinal diluent for Gumboro disease vaccine. Also the results of summer were better than those of winter. III- Influence of some test conditions on results of HI test : Using erythrocytes from three weeks old chicks for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test showed better results than from seven weeks old chicks. When incubation temperature was 37°C greater titers were recorded than at 25°C and increasing the period of incubation from 30, 60 to 120 minutes increased the titer by 1.4 log.