الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of pollution of Alexandria beaches by oil. ’To determine the extent of pollution of coastal waters and beaches by oil and grease, ten fixed sampling stations were selected along Alexandria coastline e.x tending from Agami in the we at to Abu-Qir in the. ea st. A sampling and testing program was applied over a period extending from August, 1972~ to April 1973, whereby the oil and grease concentration of the nea1’ shore waters and in sand from beaches were determined at each sampling sta tion. On each sampling occasion, the beaches in the vicinity of the sampling stations were visually inspect ad to find the amount, the sha1,)e and size of tsxry lu:npa that were stranded, ~ested and de-posi ted on the beaches with other pollutants. f’rom this study the follovling conclusions can be drawn: 1pAlexandria beaches were found to be polluted by tarry lumps (of different sizes and shape s) and other solid wastes. The amount of tar increase after stormy days and rough sea s. 2- Small and moderate tarry lumps are the commt>n pollutant on stations of Strip 11, while tarry lumps on beaches within Strip I and Strip 11 are mainly of moderate and big. sizes. 3- The quantities of tar observed on the inspected beaches are affected by many factors such as: a- Ti~e and date of observation: quantities of tar are larger in winter than in summer, and when the observation was made after stormy days and rOl~h seas. b- Geographic location and shape of the beach: protected beaches have smaller quantities than exposed ones. When the beach has a shape of 6 cove and when the sand slopcs toward the sea, the quantities observed are relatively smaller than those observed on leveled sandy beaches because in the former case selfwashing by waves .ccurs. c- Continuous cleaning by the workmen has an effect on the quantities of tar that may be observed on a beach. Beaches that subjected to continuous cleaning have smaller quantities of tar than those whiah are neglected or subjected to a less degree of cleaning. 4- The oil-grease content in nearshore waters along Alexandria ~oa6t ranges from a minimum mean value of 12.2 mgfl at stanly to a maximum of 80.9 mg/l at Max. In sand the minimum value is 294 mg/)rg at IVIaamura and the maximum mean value is 2724 rog/kg at Max. 5- The highest values for oil and grease Vlere obtained at Max ’with mean va lues rc,nging from 37.1 mg/l to 139.9 mg/l and an overall mean value of 80.9 mg/l. The highest values of oil and grease in sand were obtained also at Ii.:lax wi th values ranging from 540 to 7190 mg/kg and an ove-rall mean v61 ue of 2724 mg/kg. 6.. The concentration of oil ana, grease at stations -lying to the west of the potent;ial majo:l’ sources of oil pollution (Oil refinery and Sea Port) is much higher than that at stations lying to the east of these sources, because the former ones are more closer to these sources and the presence of the headland between Eastern Harbot1:l’ and Western Harbour whioh prevents -to a considerable extent the oil from the fixed potential sources from drifting eastward by the action of wind, waves and sea currents. V{hen considering the concentration of oil and grecse in sand, although extreme variatiomwere noted within and between stations, the high value was obtained at a station (Max) to the west of the major potential fixed sources. 7- The oil-grease concentration levels in Jlihe nearshore coastal water in Alexsndria mBY be classified into high, intermediate and low levels stations, with the high one obtained at a station to the west of the potential sources of pollution and much closer to them. Low ones obtained at stations to the east of these sources where ehe area ~as no any other major potential source of polltrlion and/or protectec by the presence of 8 bridge (e.g. Montazah), or \ I _i .. a small headland (e.g. Hfundara) or by its covey shape (e.g. Stanly). The intermediate levels ohtained at stations at a moderate distance from the potential sources, such as Agami, or at stations influenced by sewage discharge such as Bastern-Harbour, Mouasker and Sidi Gaber, or at stations highly exposed to the oil drifted from high seas such as Maamura and Abu-~ir. 8- The overall mean value for oil and grease in Alexandria coastal water was 28.1 mg/l, vmich i8 distinctly higher than the recommended values for beneficial uses as shown in Table 2.2. 9” Ragarding the seasonal variations in oil-grease concent ration in Alexandria coastal waters, it is apparent that a peak occurs in winter, probably as a result of increased discharge of oil and grea se due to increased acti vi ty of tanker traffic that car~ying oil with the associated risk of oil spillages d~ITing loading, unloading and deballasting. The winter season is charaoterised by stormy weather and rough seas which creates a rapid movement of oily discharges. Outside the territorial water at high seas and from the common dumping sites, which are located hetween Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria, and that area to the north of Libyan coast 8. Runoff waters having oily materials carried from , inland waters is another potential cause. In sand, a similar pebk occurs at Strip I and Strip III in winter. At Strip 11 the maximum concentration was in spring, a case which can be explained on obtained basis that sampling was made aiter stormy days and befo~e cleaning of the beaches. Generally the oil-grease concentration in seawater decreases after winter, probably as a result of decrease in oil trade and tanker traffic, and the lower risk o! associated spillages since the sea is oftenly calm. In sand the decrease can be attri~ted to the increase in frequencies of cleaning up of the beaches from the beginning of spring season in many beaches, in addition to the factors mentioned above. 10- The major sources of pollution of Alexandria beaches and coastal waters by oil and grease are: a... ballast and bilge waters discharged from oil tankers and other ships within territorial waters and areas close to the sea port. i11 b- discharge of refinery effluent~ into the nearshore waters hy Alexandria Petroleum Company. c- Spillages d~Ting loading and unloading of tanker within the sea port. d- daballasting of tankers outside the territorial wqters at high seas in the area between Cyprus, Syria and Lebanon.^leng