الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Transportation has a pervasive influence on cities, it is a vital service function in urban areas. The transportation system is the framework upon which the city is built. Transportation has brought far reaching changes in urban living conditions. Overcoming the barrier of distance in a speedy fashion has often negative side effects [1].
Transportation is an integral part of almost all human activities that it is almost impossible to differentiate between cause and effect. Urban activities generate travel demand, and in turn the existence of new transportation facilities improves the accessibility and produces additional land demand for new activities at the locations served by these transportation facilities causing social, economic and environmental impacts.
The social impacts include community cohesion, degree of traffic accessibility, displacement of people, traffic congestion, pedestrians, and car accidents. The economic impacts contain employment, income and business activity, residential activity, land take, and land value.
The physical environmental impacts are air pollution, noise, vibration, visual pollution, and community severance. On the other hand, the Urban Environment has radical effects on the transportation systems; such as trip generation through, residential, commercial, and industrial, land use decentralization, and car parking.
In the past, transportation routes played a major role in the setting of cities. The transportation system affects where and how urban areas grow. The distribution of population has been affected by transportation. In urban centers it first drew people to the heart of cities, and later distributed them towards the outskirts beyond.
Till the last century, urban settlements were generally small enough to permit travel by foot, horse, cart or other primitive means. From the mid 1800’s mass transportation developed as a