الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 141 |  |  |
| | | from | 141 | | |
Abstract
Increased concern with environmental affairs and realization of the serious impacts of hazardous elements in the environment, have recently prompted further studies of some’ aspects which were not taken, in the past, with the seriousness they deserve. The accident of Chernobyl 1986 has suddenly directed attention towards environmental radioactivity, its history, monitoring, impact and protection measures.
1-1) Environmental Radioactivity : Early studies.
In the first few years of the twentieth century ”and especially prior to 1905”, numerous studies and discoveries were made of the radioactivity and radioactive properties of various elements in the environment. Early studies of the radioactivity in air were carried out by Bans Geitel in Germany and Wilson in Scotland. In 1900, these two investigators, independently, discovered that an electroscope could be discharged simply from the air inside it, and not from insulator leakage as had previously been thought to be the case. From this rather simple discovery come the
realization that the air contained radioactive components
1 (Kathren, 1984) .
1 Kathren (1984) stated that Geitel and Elster,
performed a bold experiment to extract