الفهرس 
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Abstract
This research discusses the effect of sludge type, sludge age, operating temperature, detention
time on the P, N and COD load in the supernatant of gravity thickener. It could be concluded that
P, N and COD loads in the supernatant increase by the increase of temperature and detention time
and by the decrease of the sludge age. In the wastewater treatment plants which precipitate P
chemically, combined sludge thickening is advantageous than separate sludge thickening to obtain
minimum P, N and COD loads in the supernatant. The optimum detention time in the gravity
thickener to get minimum P, N and COD loads in the supernatant should not exceed 1 day.