الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Recent years have noticed a great increase in
the services needed for the design of major sea
defenses and coast protection works to solve coast
problems. As an important aspect in the design of
shore improvement measures, is the effect resulting,
on the beach, from placing walls or any other
defenses in the zone reached by wave and current
action. In many cases, such structures may produce
sever scour and loss of the beach at the toe of the
structure. The change in bed profile may be
considered among the menaces of nature which may
cause damage to the existing onshore structures.
Coastal engineering can be defined as the art of
applying civil engineering techniques to solve the
oceanic problems, and it is the collective term
ecompassing most of the engineering activities
related to works along the ’coast. (Figure 1-1)
Among the fundamental problems of coastal
engineering are the water movements along a coast,
the interaction between moving water, and loose beach