الفهرس 
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MACRO MASONRY ELEMENTOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Studying the behavior of historic masonry walls subjected to different
loading conditions, along with the identification of causes of cracks and
deformations are the major obstacles in any restoration project. The
available tools and software packages for numerical modeling are not
designed to support the numerical analysis of masonry. Therefore, the
primary goal of this work is to develop a reliable mathematical model for
historic masonry walls through accounting the different aspects affecting
the behavior. For such purpose, A multi-phase macro masonry model
was developed to achieve a feasible mesh for large walls rather than
adopting micro model with distinctive elements for each constituent.
Within the macro element, the interaction among the different
constituents was accounted for. The response of each constituent could
be separately dealt with through nonlinear microscopic analysis. This
have been achieved by utilizing a mathematical formulation which A finite element model was developed to simulate geometrical,
material, and loading, conditions of such walls. The inelastic response of
different masonry constituents was considered by utilizing a nonlinear
material model using the theory of plasicity. The model accounts for the
behavior of multiple leaf walls by incorporating different layers in the
macro element. A model for steel reinforcement was also adopted.
Finally, the proposed models and formulations were implemented in a
Fortran code. The proposed overall model was verified through the
comparison with several available experimental results of masonry
assemblages under different states of stresses.
Utilizing the overall model, parametric studies were conducted to
cover a wide range of the parameters affecting the behavior of historic
multiple leaf masonry walls. The geometric, material, and loading
parameters as well as their interactions were involved in this study. The
model was used to predict the in-plane lateral capacity, lateral
deformation, and crack pattems associated with different modes of
failure. The effect of strengthening of historic walls by grouting injection
was also investigated. Moreover, the effect of strengthening by stitching
internal reinforcing bars was examined. Using the predicted results, a
simplified empirical formula was suggested in order to determine the
shear wall capacity.
The evaluation and retrofitting techniques of historic masonry
walls were discussed. Different investigative techniques required to
evaluate the current state of the wall and to specify the strengthening
work were presented. The most common rehabilitation and strengthening
techniques of historic masonry were also reported.