الفهرس 
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) accounting for about 50% of the deaths. Myocardial injury has been shown to be the most critical factor influencing quality of life and mortality in patients with chronic renal failure. The determinants of the risk to develop CVD in the population on RRT are multiple and include the traditional risk factors identified in the general population and additional risk factors specific to chronic renal failure (Amann et al., 1999).
Oxidative stress has been postulated to be an important risk factor. One reason for oxidative stress in patients with renal failure is the underlying disease itself. Renal toxicity, ischemia/reperfusion and immunological disorders of the kidney result in an elevated formation of reactive oxygen species such as hypochlorous acid (HOC1). However, treatment procedures were als^ ’ lown to induce oxidative stress (Siems et nl., 2002 and Sutherland ct a!.. 2004).
It was reported that; patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery (CA-IMT), which is considered a dependent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the hemodialysis population (Nishizawa et al., 2003).
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with a Tendency to atherosclerosis,on account of the enhanced oxidative stress and insufficient antioxidant enzyme activities such as, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and paraoxonase PON1), with abnormalities in lipid parameters. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism of atherosclerosis in patients with CRF is not clear, th? e are some hypotheses such as an elevation in oxidant stress and impairment in lipid metabolism, including changes in the lipid composition oflipoproteins (Chen et Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) accounting for about 50% of the deaths. Myocardial injury has been shown to be the most critical factor influencing quality of life and mortality in patients with chronic renal failure. The determinants of the risk to develop CVD in the population on RRT are multiple and include the traditional risk factors identified in the general population and additional risk factors specific to chronic renal failure (Amann et al., 1999).
Oxidative stress has been postulated to be an important risk factor. One reason for oxidative stress in patients with renal failure is the underlying disease itself. Renal toxicity, ischemia/reperfusion and immunological disorders of the kidney result in an elevated formation of reactive oxygen species such as hypochlorous acid (HOC1). However, treatment procedures were als^ ’ lown to induce oxidative stress (Siems et nl., 2002 and Sutherland ct a!.. 2004).
It was reported that; patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery (CA-IMT), which is considered a dependent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the hemodialysis population (Nishizawa et al., 2003).
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with a Tendency to atherosclerosis, on account of the enhanced oxidative stress and insufficient antioxidant enzyme activities such as, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and paraoxonase(PON1), with abnormalities in lipid parameters. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism of atherosclerosis in patients with CRF is not clear, th? e are some hypotheses such as an elevation in oxidant stress and impairment in lipid metabolism, including changes in the lipid composition oflipoproteins (Chen et