الفهرس Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 146 |  |  |
| | | from | 146 | | |
Abstract
Carcinoma of the breast is a major health problem. It is one of the leading causes of death among women all over the world, with about one million new breast cancer cases diagnosed per year.
The etiology of breast cancer is multifactorial. The risk factors include early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, postmenopausal, obesity, and extended use of oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, family history, and previous benign breast disease. Although a number of genes including BRCA1 and BRCA2, HER-2/neu and p53 have been linked to breast cancer susceptibility and development, the majority of breast cancers are sporadic. The common risk factor in the development of breast cancer is the increased life time exposure to endogenous or exogenous estrogens
The involvement of E2 in breast cancer growth has been established. About one third of breast cancers maintain E2 dependence for growth and the concentration of estrogen receptors (ER) in malignant breast tissues is an indicator of their hormonal dependence
Many researcher showed that Estrogen-like effects of thyroid hormone on breast cancer cell growth in culture by binding to estrogen receptor response element in addition to their cognate response elements, as the 1/2 site of the consensus sequence of nucleotide bases constituting the thyroid hormone response element is identical to estrogen response element half site.
Although the incidence of breast cancer is increasing, knowledge about its early detection, progression and spread is inadequate.
In view of this problem, the availability of blood based biochemical markers would be of immense help.