الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present investigation was carried out at Sids Horticulture Research Station, Bin–Suif governorate, Agriculture, Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture Egypt, during the three growing seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the performance of some garlic selection derived from Egyptian ”Balady” and Sids–40 ” cultivars. Their selections were obtained from the Active Garlic Improving Program at Sids Horticulture Reseatch Station where these materials were selected for their higher productivity and adaptability. In this present study, 16 selections from the Egyptian (Balady) and 12 selections from Sids–40 cultivar as well as the two original cultivars were used.
The selections plus the two checks were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The cloves of the tested materials were planted on 11th, 10th and 2nd of Oct. in the first, second and third seasons, respectively. The experimental soil was a clay loam soil. The fertilizer, Irrigation, pest and weed control and the other normal cultural treatments were done as recommended in the commercial production.
The results of these investigations can be summarized as follow:
1 – plant height (cm):
Highly significant differences were observed among the tested selections in this character. The performance of the tested selections indicated that the Egyptian selections No. 15, 23, 16 and 13 had the taller plants than those of Sids – 40 selections. On the other hand, Sids – 40 selections No. 3,4 and 12 gave the lowest values of this character. The interaction between the genotypes and growing years showed significant effect on plant height where the Egyptian selections number 23 grown in the first season gave the highest value while selection number 11 in the first season gave the lowest value.
2-Number of leaves / plant:
Data revealed that number of leaves/plant was significantly affected by the tested selections. Plants of Sids–40 selections No. 7, 6, 9 and 5 had the highest number of leaves/ plant. On the other hand, Egyptian selections 28, 19 and 22 gave the lowest values of this character. The effect of the interaction between genotypes and growing years was significant. The highest value of number of leaves/ plant was obtained by Sids–40 genotypes when its selection number 6 was grown in the first season. Meanwhile, selection number 19 in the third season gave the lowest value.
3 – fresh weight of whole plant (g / plant):
Data indicated that the fresh weight of whole plant indicated that the highest value of this character were obtained by Sids–40 genotypes 5,
10, 7 and 8. However Egyptian genotype 2 and 21 gave the lowest value .The effect of the three successive seasons on this character revealed that the fresh weight of whole plant was significantly affected. Highest values were given in the second season and third season, while the first season gave the lowest value. Moreover, there were significant interaction between genotypes and the growing years. It is clear from data that the highest values of this character were obtained when Sids–40 selection numbers 10 and 5 was grown in the second season, while selection number 22 in the first season gave the lowest value.
4-Bulb fresh weight (g)
Differences between average values of bulb fresh weight of Sids-40 selections and Egyptian selections were significant. The performance of tested Sids-40 selections showed that four selections 7.5.8 and 10 had the highest bulb fresh weight. On the other hand, Egyptian genotypes 22, 21 and 19 gave the lowest values. Growing year effect was significant and the third year gave the heaviest bulb followed by that of the second season. The interaction effects between genotypes and growing years were significant. Selection 7 when planted in the second season recorded the heaviest bulbs, but selection number 22 gave a lighter bulb when planted in the second season.
5- Bulbing ratio :
There were insignificant differences among the Egyptian selections and Sids–40 selections in this character except number 15 which had the highest value of this character With regard effect of growing years on bulbing ratio then were significant differences among these one significant differences between the interaction of genotypes and growing years. Selection number 15 gave the highest value in the first season and third seasons, while Sids 40 selection number 4 gave the lowest value in the first season.
6-Cured bulb weight (g):
Data presented indicate that the cured bulb weight of garlic Sids–40 selections were higher than Egyptian selections. Differences between average values of this character of Sids–40 genotypes and Egyptian genotypes were significant. The performance of the tested Sids–40 selections indicated that the four selection 7, 5, 8 and 10 had highest cured bulb weight. On the other hand, Egyptian selections 22, 21 and 19 gave the lowest values. Data showed also that performances of garlic selections concerning cured bulb weight under the different seasons were significant. The third year gave the highest cured weight compared with the other two seasons. The interaction effect between genotypes x growing years was significant. Selection 7 when planted in the second season recorded the heaviest bulbs. On the other hand, selection number 22 gave a lighter bulb weight when planted in the second season.
7-Cured bulb diameter (cm):
Data illustrated on this character declared significant differences among garlic genotypes. The performance of Egyptian selection 23 indicated that it had the highest value of cured bulb diameter followed by the performance of Sids–40 genotype 7. On the other hand, Egyptian selections 22, 21 and check gave the lowest values. Regarding the interaction between genotypes x growing years, significant effect was obtained for the Egyptian genotypes when selection number 13 was grown in the first season, while selection number 21 in the third season gave the lowest values.
8-Number of cloves / bulb:
The results showed that Egyptian selections significantly produced more cloves / bulb than Sids–40 selections. The performance of the tested Egyptian genotypes indicated that the four selections 22,19,21 and 25 had more cloves. On the other hand, Sids–40 genotypes coded 7, 5, and 8 gave the lowest values. Our goal in this study was to select clones that produce fewer cloves. The interactions between genotypes x growing years were significant. The highest values of number of cloves were obtained when the Egyptian selection number 21 was grown in the first season, while selection number 7 in the second season gave the lowest value.
9-Clove weight:
Data indicated that Sids–40 selections significantly surpassed those of Egyptian selections. Highest values were obtained from selections number 7,5,8and10. Meanwhile, the lowest values were obtained from selections number 22, 19 and check of the Egyptian cv. selection. Concerning of the genotypes x growing year, it is clear from the present data that the interaction showed significant effects. The highest value of this character was obtained from Sids–40 genotype when selection 7 was grown in the second year, while selection number 22 in the second year gave the lowest value.
10-Fresh yield ( ton. /fed. ):
Results on this character showed that Sids–40 selection significantly produced higher yield than the Egyptian selections. The performance of tested Sids–40 genotypes indicated that the three selections 7,5 and 8 had the highest yield. On the other hand, Egyptian genotypes 22, 21 and 19 gave the lowest values. Concerning the effect of growing years on fresh yield, data showed that this character was significantly affected. The Highest values were obtained in the third season, while the first season gave the lowest values. Regarding the interaction between genotypes x growing years, significant effects were obtained on fresh yield. However, the Highest value of fresh yield was obtained when Sids – 40 selection number 7 was grown in the second year Meanwhile, the slection number 22 was grown in the second season produced the lowest value.
11-Cured yield (ton. / fed. )
Data noticeably showed that Sids–40 selections significant produced higher yield than the Egyptian selections. The performance of tested Sids–40 genotypes showed that three selections 7, 5 and 8 had the highest yield. However, Egyptian genotypes 22, 19 and 21 gave the lowest values. With regards to the effect of growing years on this character, data indicated that this cured yield was significantly affected between first season, second and third season. Highest values were obtained from the second season, while the first season gave the lowest values. With respect to the interaction of genotypes x growing years, significant effects were obtained on this character. However, the highest values were obtained for Sids–40 genotypes when selection number 7 was produced in the second season. Meanwhile, selection number 22 in the second season gave the lowest value .
12-Weight loss percentage during curing process:
Data showed that weight loss of the Egyptian cultivar and all of its selections were higher than Sids–40 and its selections. The average losses ranged from 38.15 to 50.53 % indicating that the tested materials differed in their storage ability. The effect of genotypes x year interaction were significant for this trait, indicating that some selections, differed in their percentage of weight loss during curing from year to another while selections number 12 lost 36.76% in the second year which was significantly lower than that in the first year (43.16 % ). Also, the weight loss in selection number22 ranged from 45.75 in the third year to 57.64 % in the second year.
13-Weight loss percentage after one month of storage:
Data showed significant differences among the 30 genotypes in weight losses percentage after one month from the beginning of the storage. Egyptian selections showed higher weight loss than Sids–40 selections. The performances of the tested Egyptian selection indicated that four selections 22, 28 29 and 19 had the highest values of weight loss. On the other hand, Sids– 40 selections 7, 5, 10 and 8 gave the lowest values. There was a significant interaction for genotypes x growing years on this character. However, the highest values of weight loss were obtained when Egyptian selection number 22 was stored in the second season, while selection number 7 in the third season gave the lowest weight loss percentage.
14-Weight loss percentage after four months of storage:
Data showed significant differences among the 30 selections in weight loss percentage after four month of storage. Egyptian selections showed higher weight loss than Sids-40 selections. The performance of the tested Egyptian selection showed that the four selections 22, 19, 25 and 28had the highest weight loss percentage after four months, while Sids – 40 selections 5,7,8 and 10 gave the lowest values. The interaction effect of genotypes x growing year was significant. Selection number 22 in the first season recorder the highest weigh loss percentage. But selection number 5 in the third season gave the lowest weight loss percentage.
15-weight loss percentage after seven months of storage.
There was significant differences among the tested genotypes in weight loss percentage after seven months of storage Egyptian selections 22,21,25and 28 had the higher weight loss % after seven months. On the other hand, Sids – 40 selections 7,8,10 and 5 gave the lowest value. Also, there was significant interaction effect for between genotypes x growing years on weight loss percentage after seven months of storage. The highest values of weight loss were obtained when Egyptian selection number 22 was stored under the room temperature condition in the second season. While, selection number 7 in the first season gave the lowest weight loss parentage after seven months.
The results of the present study revealed that clonal selection is an effective breeding method in old garlic varieties. The selected clone number 23 produced 9.37 Ton / Fed, fresh yield, which is, surpassed the original cultivars by 61.3%. Similar increment was found that with clon number 7 compared to its original.