الفهرس 
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Abstract
Chemical Studies on some Radionuclides in Industrial Waste”
In this thesis, there is much concern about the technologically enhancednaturally
occurnng radioactive materials (TE-NORM) associated with phosp
hate fertilizers and chemical materials production in Abu Zaabal Company,
Egypt. The phosphogypsum (PG) wastes associated with the phosphoric acid
produced was found to contain high concentrations of radioactivity than that
exists naturally (Le., background). The present work carried out in this thesis,
is classified into three main chapters. These are presented as follows.
Chapter-i, Introduction:
This chapter includes sufficient information about the different sources of
the environmental radioactivities as well as TE-NORJvJ associated with
phosphate fertilizers and oil and gas production facilities. It includes also,
information about the history, methods used in detection and measurements,
limits, trials of TE-NORM treatment. It cuntains some aspects on the
chemistry and radiochemistry of radium and radon. Also, this chapter includes
the aim of the present work.
Chapter-2, Experimental:
This chapter includes preparation of all required samples for analysis, as
well as chemicals and reagents used in the experimental work. It includes
also, description of the different spectroscopic instruments used, which are:
HPGe ‘y- ray spectrometry, c~ -spectrometry, X —ray diffraction (XRD), X —ray
fluorescence (XRF), and IR-spectrometry. The energy and efficiency
calibrations of both y and a. -spectrometry are also presented