الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY
The present study has been focused on the study of water pollution
and its effect on hematological, biochemical and histological changes of
the two selected fresh water fish (Tilapia zilltt and Clarias gariepinus)
caught from two selected regions named EI-Kanater. and El-Rahawy.
There are two important sources of pollution which potentially
affect and deteriorate the water quality of Rosetta branch. The first source
is Kafr EL~Zayat industrial area and the second- source is EI~Rahawy
drain” (the region of the present study) which discharge more than .
400.000m3 of domestic wastes in the above mentioned branch, which can
destroy the fish health in this region.This drain is few kilometers from
Delta Barrage and its wastes are mixture of agricultural, domestic and
sanitary drainage from a long ~ea of greater Cairo.
Six stations were selected along the delta barrage for water samples
collection. The first three stations at Bl-Kanater region, are Damietta
branch, in addition to El-Towfeky and Bl-Menoufy sub~branches. While
the second, three stations at El-Rahawy region are, Rosetta branch, EIRahawy
drain and after El-Rahawy drain.
The water sample were collected monthly during March 1997 till
February1998 from surface and over bottom layers.
Fish samples were collected seasonally during the time of water
sampling from EI-Kanater and El-Rahawy regions respectively.
(A) Water quality
(a):physical characteristics:
(1)- Air and water temperature::
Air temperature recorded clear changes at the studied areas, it
recorded a maximum value during July 36°C at EI-Towfeky station and a
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CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY
minimum one during February 17Cat EI-Menoufy station. These changes
are related to seasonal variations of winter and summer.
Water temperature follows more or less the changes of air temperature
and almost less than air temperature. Some exception were observed
where water temperature was higher than air temperature, due to more
turbidity of water. They were ranged between 16°C during January at Bl-
Menoufy station and 31.4 °c during August at- Damletta station for
surface water layer. While/for over bottom layer the values ranged from
160C during December and Japuary at Menoufy and Damietta,
respectively to 30.5 °c during August at Menoufy station. No thermal
stratification was observed due to its .shallowness and wind action.
(2) - Transparency:
Its value recorded wide fluctuation between 10cm at El-Rahawy
station during June and 11Scm at Rosetta station during December. The
higher values occurred in winter while the lower values were observed
during summer. There is a distinct correlation between turbidity,
temperature and oxygen content. The transparency values depend. on
phytoplankton flourishing and water tube. The turbid water seems to be
warm and has less oxygen concentration.
(b):Chemical Characteristics:
(1)- pH Value:
The pH values showed a wide range between 6.28 for surface layer
and 6.44 for over bottom layer during April at El-Rahawy station i.e.
slight acidic and near neutrality and 8.45 for surface and 8.44 for over
bottom water during September at Rosetta station Le. the alkaline case
almostly restricted. This change related to phytoplankton activity, the
high oxygen content and sewage disposal. Lower pH values were
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SUMMARY
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iiR F (i *
observed during Summer months of high temperature leading to the
bacterial activity in decomposition of organic matter.
(2) Chlorosity :
Chlorosity variations proved to be related to the introduction of
drainage water, flood and drought periods. Chlorosity showed the highest
value of 130.46 mgl’” in December at EI-Rahawy in surface layer and
141.8 mgl ” for over bottom layer as expected during drought period.
While the lowest values observed were 15)59 mgt” during June at
Rosetta station for surface layer and 17.02 mg.I” for over bottom layer in
April at after drain station, as expected during flood period.
(3)- Alkalinity:
The carbonate alkalinity values were ranged from 0.0 mgl ” during
many months and many station to 14 mgt” at El-Rahawy station during
March for surface layer. While for over bottom layer the values were
ranged between O.Omg1-’ at many stations all year round and 12 mg1-’ at
EI-Rahawy station during March.
The lowest value of bicatbonate 80 mgt” CaCOJ was detected at
EI-Towfeky during January and February, Damietta during February and
December and Rosetta during January for surface layer and at Damietta
during December for over bottom layer. While the highest values of
bicarbonate 352mglo·CaCO) at surface and 344 mgf” CaC03 at bottom
were determined during April at Bl-Rahawy.
(4)- Oxygen Studies:
(4-1): Dissolved Oxygen:
El.Rahawy station showed depletion in oxygen content ofO.Omgl-·
all the year round for both surface and bottom layers due \0 oXYlen
exhaustion in oxidizing the organic matter. But the highest values were
15.2mgl”1 (196.130/0) at surface and 13)6mgl-’ (178.01%) at bottom
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CHAPTER VI
during May at Damietta station because of increasing phytoplankton
flourishing, water motion rich in nutrient salts.
(4-2) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):-
The BOD values were increased by increasing the COD values. Its
value is widely measured of polluting capacity of an effluent. BOD tend
to decrease towards bottom at all stations.
The values of BOD were recorded to be between the lower value
1.2 mg l ” at Rosetta during February and the higher value 15.1 mg l ” at
EI.Rahawy during December at surface water layer. While for over
bottom water layer the values ranged from····theminimum value of2.0
mgl’” at Damietta during February to the maximum value of 19.3mgr’ at
El-Rahawy during January for bottom layer. The BOD values were
correlated to the higher values of the dissolved oxygen and its exhaustion
of organic matter.
(4-3) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):
COD values are higher than DO and BOD due to the amount of
organic matter and others in sewage water. So COD is used to assess the
degree of pollution.
The maximum values of 29.2mgl-1were record.ed at El-Rahawy for
surface during December and for over bottom ’water layer was 27.6 mg l”
during February. While the minimum values were 4.2 mgl ” at surface
during January and October at Rosetta and Damietta , respectively and
1.6 mg 1.1 during January at Damietta for over bottom water layer. The
higher COD values at El-Rahawy may be due to the oxidation of organic
matter.
S..Nutrlent Salts:
(5-1) Ammonia:
4.
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,PI. 4 i j
The lower values of ammonia were recorded at Rosetta during
January for surface 0.52 mgl·l, and bottom layer 0.27 mgl ” .While the
maximum values were recorded at EI·Rahawy during March( 25.64 mg!”
for surface water) and the value of25.38 mgl ” for bottom layer in July.
Ammonia represented high values at all stations especially at EI·Rahawy.
This is attributed to the presence of vari0’:l~ kinds of wastes with high
quantities at the studied stations, in addition to drainage water disposal,
organic and inorganic fertilizers.
(5-2) Nitrite>
’The nitrite values were ranged from I.Slllgl-1 during March at
Damietta to 83.87 J.Lgl·l during June at El·RahaWy for surface water
layer. While for over bottom water layer the values ranged between
l.S8J.LgI-1during March at Damietta and 98.45).1gl·’ during may at El-
Rahawy. The higher values of nitrite are attributed to either the reduction
of nitrate to nitrite or the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite.
(5-3) Nitrate:
The lowest values of nitrate were recorded at Damietta station
during March for surface were 4.92 IJ.gI-1 and during December and
January for bottom 11.11 J,lgl-l• While the highest values were recorded at
El-Rahawy station during April for surface were 128.01J.1gr’ and 153.37
ug l” 1 observed at over bottom layer. The high Nitrate values are mainly
due to drainage water enriched with nitrate fertilizers and decomposition
of dead algae.
5):Hematological Studies:
The present· study revealed that the levels of hematological
paramotor, for both .elected Ipeol.. cauaht tram Bl-I(anater (lOll
polluted area) are found to be lower than those caught from BL·Ri’lawy
region (sever polluted area).
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CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY
I-Total serum Glucose (T.S.G):
In general,T.S.G level value of Tilapia ztlli! was lower than that
recorded for Clarias gariepinus ..
The T.S.G levels for Tilapia zillii·· were ranged between 53.29 ±
7.58 mg/l00ml during winter at EI-Kanater and 109.02 ::1:11.08mg/l00ml
during winter at EL-Rahawy. -’.
For Clarias gariepinus these levels are found’ to be in the range
from 96.82 ± 22.74 mg/100ml during autumn at El-Kanater and 163.43 ±
21.94 mg/l00 ml during winter at Bl-Rahawy region. Increase in T.S.G
was found to be accompanied by an increase in ammonia and depletion in
oxygen.
2-Totnl serum Protein (TSP):
The levels of TSP for Tilapia zULUwere found to be in the range
from 3.76 ± 0.99 gm/lOOmi during summer at EI-Kanater and 5.95::i::0.98
gm/lOO ml during winter at El-Rahawy, while for C 98Yi’fil1t1J are in
the range from 5.65 ± 0.95 gm/IOO ml during Winter at EI-Kanater to
7.66 ± 1.11 gm/l00ml during summer at El-Rahawy. The increase in
T.S.P may be due to oxygen depletion occur; an increase in ammonia and
damage in both liver and gills.
3-Total Serum Albumin (TSA):
Concerning, Tilapia ztllii, the TSA levels are in the range from
1.35 ± 0.58 gm/IOOml during spring for fish caught from EI-Kanater to
2.57 ± 0.78 gmI100ml during winter for fish caught from EI-Rahawy.
While for Clarias gariepinus these levels ranged from 1.87 ::I: 0.53
gm/l OOml during winter for fish caught from EI-Kanater to 3.25 ± 0.91
gmllOOml during summer for fish caught from El-Rahawy. These also
reflect the effect of stress pollution on fish caught from polluted area.
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SUMMARY
CHAPTER VI
•
4-Total Serum Globulin (T.S.Gl):
The values ofT.S.Ol of Tilapia zillii were recorded the minimum
value of 3.32 :i: 0.74 gmllOOmland the maximum value of3.66:1: 0.74
gmllOOml at EI-Rah~WY during summer and autumn seasons,
respectively. While for Clarias gariepinus the T.S.Gl values ranged from
2.49:i: 0.53 gmllOOml during winter for fish caught from El-Kanater to
5.03 ± 53gm/lOOmlduring autumn for fish caught from El-Rahawy.
Increase in albumin and globulin may be due to increase in
metabolic rate of albumin and globulin due to lack of oxygen.
C: ~iochemical studies:
The main biochemical constitijents were studied in fish flesh of
Tilapta zillit and Clarias gariepinus caught from ~l-Kanater region and
EI-Rahawy drain. The obtained results revealed the followings.
I-Water content:
The maximum value obtained for Tilapia .zUIU caught from El-
Rahawy drain during summer season, was 84.98 0/0,while for Clarias
gartepinus the maximum value was 84.68 % for those caught from EIKanater
region during spring season.
The minimum value obtained for Tilapia zillii caught” from Bl-
Kanater region during spring season was 76.870/0,while for Clarias
gariepinus the minimum value was 76.32% for those caught form El-
Rahawy drain during winter season.
It is to be noted that the water content.were higher for immature
fish than that of mature fish.
2-Protein Contents.
The maximum value of the protein content in fish flesh of Tilapia
zillii was recorded during spring season at EI-Kanater region being
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CHAPTER VI
=84.00%, while the maximum value ofC/arias gariepinw was recorded
during autumn season at EI-Kanater region being 84.250/0.
The minimum value of the protein content in fish flesh of Tilapia
zil/ii was recorded during summer season at BI-RahaWYregion being
78.17% while for Clarias garieplnw the minimum one was recorded
during spring season at Bl-RahaWYdrain being 67.46 % The protein
content showed a lower value towards matuation.
3-Lipid Content:
The maximum value of lipid content for Tilapia zULUwas recorded
during autumn season at EI-RahaWYdrain being 18.110/0,while for
Ciarias gariepinw was recorded during winter season at El-Rahawy
drain (being 19.040/0) .
The minimum value of lipid content for TUapia zULUwas recorded
during spring season at El.Kanaterregion, being 8.92%, while for C/arias
garieplnus the minimum one was recorded during autumn season at ~I·
Kanater region, being 9.73%.The values of lipid content increase by
increasing maturation.
4-Ash Content:
The present results showed that the higher values of ash were
obtained during autumn season in fish caught from El-Kanater region for
Tilapia zil/ii and Clarias garieplnw being 8.80% and 7.42% respectively.
While the lower values of ash for Tilapia zil/il caught from El-Kanater
was recorded ( 4.67% ) during winter season , and that
( 4.31% ) for C/arias garleplnw caught from EI-Rahawy drain was
observed during the same season.
S_Carbobydrate Content:
The maximum value of carbohydrate content in fish flesh of
Tilapia zillii obtained from EI·}(anater region during autumn season,
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CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY
.n
being 2.47%, while for Clarias gariepinus the maximum value was
recorded at El-Rahawy drain during spring season, being 2.21 %.
The minimum value of carbohydrate content for TUapia ztlli!
’recorded at El-Kanater region during autumn season, being O.04%,while
was O.05%for C.,,’Yit.piIJ”J at the same region, during summer season.
The change in carbohydrate not related to sex, season or region and are
not affected by pollution.
As a general the present results indicate that:
• Water content showed seasonal variations to a’ great extent, and an
inverse relationship was exist between water and lipid ’contents, so
summation of both constituents were approximately constant.
• The two selected fish species showed a decrease in protein content of
fish at EI~Rahawy, due to the effect of pollution stress.
• Lipid content was higher for the two species caught from EI-Rahawy
than those from El-Kanater. It was observed that, the lipid content of
CooJ3ril;ei;7V5 was higher than that of Tilapla zi/lii at two regions.
• Finally, there was an inverse relationship between ash and water
content as the ash content decrease according to the stress of
pollution.
Generally, the coefficient of variations showed that, the
carbohydrate content have the highest value, however the protein content
showed the lowest one. Also, these values in Clarias gariepinus caught
from El-Rahawy drain showed great variations than those caught from EJKanater
(less pollution area).
D.HI.ioloa1ca1 Siudt, ••-
Gonads (ovaries and testes), liver, gills and muscles samples were
obtained from the two selected fish Tilapia zUlii and Clarias gariepinus
caught from the two investigated areas (El~Kanater and EI~Rahawy).
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SUMMARY
I-Gonadsr
a)Tes.tes:
The morphological study of testes showed that, some sample
appear to be dark in color especially those obtained from El-Rahawy for
the two selected fish.
The histological study .showed separation, destruction and
sometimes absence of testes wall. Also destruction in seminiferous lobule
wall, cyst wall, spermatocytes and connective tissue. Appearance of
necrotic area with accumulation of hemosldrln in some tissue. Activation
of spermatid occur. Hemorrhage, hemolysis and hemosidrin in blood
vessel with thickness, anastomosis (branching) and fibrosis of its wall.
These alteration was ascribed on the increase in ammonia and other
pollution, in addition to spawning season.
b) Ovary:
Morphologically, ovary ·sometimes appear dark in color. The
histological examination of ovary revealed destruction of ovarian wall.
Necrosis, destruction and accumulation of hemosidrin in connective
tissue between ova. Dilation, congestion, hemorrhage, hemolysis, and
thickness in blood vessel. Separation of yolk from ova wall or ova
nucleus in some specimens. Hyperplasia of granulosa lead to fusion of
ova, sometimes granulose invade part of ova or cover all ova and this
leads to ova destruction, separation of theca from granulosa and also
absence of part of zona radiata, Some nuclei appear to be empty. These
malformations may be due to increase in ammonia and nitrite,in addition
to spawning season.
2) Liver:
Morphologically pale red or dark blue color were observed in the
liver obtained from fish especially these caught from El-Rahawy drain.
Also some specimens were enlarged in size.
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CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY
Microscopically, . a qestruction, necrosis, fatty degeneration,
hemorrhage and hemolysis of hepatic cells are ’shown ; congestion of
blood slnusolds; dilation, hemolysis, edama, destruction and thickness of•
blood vessels. In addition to stagnant of red blood cells in blood vessel.
Anastomosis (branching) and fibrosis of bleed- vessel. The above
mentioned malformation of liver were sever for the two studied
species which caught from EJ. Rahawy region. tl’he liver damage
can be attributed to oxygen depletion’,parasitc, increase of ammonia,.
virus and bacteria in polluted water.
3) Gills:
Morphologically, the specimens offish obtained from El·Rahawy
region appear-to be dark in color and covered with mucin.
The histological studies of the gills of the two selected fish
. especially which caught from EI·Rahawy region. These changes were
. .
hyperplasia of epithelial cells of primary and secondary lamellae which
’..
lead’ to fusion of lamellae; nodular proliferation of two lamellae; curling
and bump of tips of secondary lamellae, in addition to separation and
degeneration of epithelial cells of it. Parasitic cells appear for two
selected fish caught from two regions’. Dilation, hemorrhage, hemolysis
of blood vessel was observed; also destruction edema, hemorrhage,
hemolysis and some hemosidrin in primary lamellae. The gill changes
may be due to increase of ammonia ,pH changes, oxygen depletionJ
bacteria, micro~organisms, parasites,and turbidity.
4) Sldn and Muscles
The skin of Clarias gartpinus obtained from EI~Rahawyregion
appeared with white spots and destroyed dorsal fin.
4
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SUMMARV
CHAPTER VI
5i* .
’.
The histological study of skin and muscles of fish showed that
there were fibrosis and absence of epithelial cells. Hyperplasia,
hypertrophy, necrosis, ’degeneration, destruction and hemosidrin in
mucous cells (epidermis). Destruction, degeneration of collagen bundle
(dermis layer). Necrosis, hemolysis and hemosidrin in connective
tissue(hypoderm). Edema, Lecamea, destruction, hemorrhage, hemosidrin
necrosis and appearance of abnormal shape in muscle fibers layer.
The above mentioned malformation of muscles appeal’ greatly for
Clarias gariplnus obtained from two region than the other selected fish at
the same region. These malformation of skin and muscles, which means
that Tilapta zi/l tt is more resistant towards pollution than Clarias
gari epiAUJ.