الفهرس 
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Abstract
Determination of the global position of a point becomes very accurate by using the system of GPS. However, the determination of global position of a point by using astronomical observations is needed in many surveying operations such as petroleum researching.
Astronomical observations is needed in many surveying operations such as petroleum researching.
Astronomical observation can be performed by observing the stars or the sun according to the cost, the using theodolite, time and required accuracy.
In this thesis, there is a try to revive the methods of determining latitude, longitude and azimuth by using solar observations.
As the need of the solar observations in many cases, this thesis shows how the improvement of the accuracy of these observations, That is by overcoming the defrcts which cause the loosing of the accuracy by direct observations on the sun.
In such case, a full investigation and practical work of using the solar prism are included, in this thesis, to evaluate the accuracies of different methods of pointing on the sun.
Moreever, an explaination to simplify the calculations of the declination and right ascension of the sun which are needed in solar observations is introduced for surveyors who can not easily get the astronomical tables.
The accuracy of the solar prism is investigations is introduced for surveyors who can not easily get the astronomical tables.
The accuracy of the solar prism is investigated by large number of observations on the sun. Also the best methods and suitable times for observations have been processed.
After taking the observations, to get fast and accurate calculations, computer`s programs have been designed.
Full analysis have been done and recommendations have been given either for living with solar observations or for further work.