الفهرس 
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Abstract
Stereoscopic model has been considered as a backbone of any photogrammetric operation.yet another basic unit which is known as bundle is gaaining a lot of attention due to its straight forward operation and its superior accuracy.
In analytical aerial triangulation there are some relation need to be defined.In this respect, the collinearity condition, coplanarity condition, and scale restriant condition are used for expressing the relations existing between photograph and ground, photograph and model, amd model and ground.
Systematic and random errors need to be studied to determine their characheristics and their effects on different types of analytical aerial triangulation adjustment.
The most commonly used methods for block adjustment are based on strips or models or bundles as smallest unit.Strip adjustment was the main subject in the historical development of aerial triangulation. In the present time, strip triangulation seems to be loosing ground for block adjustment based on model or bundel as a basic unit.Strips are mainly needed for special projects of linear shape such as mapping reilways, roads and waterways. strip adjustment can be recommended to study erosion and sedimentation along the banks of the river nile in egypt.
Independent models aerial triangulation is a two step process.Firstly, models have to be formed. this can be done using analytical or analog techniques. second step deals with the determination of the arientation elements of the spatial models and the known ground coordinates of points whose model coordinates are known. In this adjustment, the observed quantities are the measured coordinates of spatial model formed in analog stereoplotters, or the cooedinates of points as determined from mathematically formed models.
The adjustment of bundles is simultaneous least squares adjustment for the determination of the orientation elements of photographs, and the ground coordinates of points measured in these photographs.In this adjustment, the observed quantities are the measured coordinates of image points in the photographs.