الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Coagulation and fibrinolysis are in balance in normal individuals, preventing excessive hemorrhage or thrombosis.Disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis is a hemostatic abnormality which results from a pathologic activation of the blood-clotting enzymes. Either the intrinsic or the extrinsic clotting enzymes, or both, may initiate the process with consumption of clotting factors. This consumption of clotting factors coupled with a diffuse intravascular lysis of clots, results in impaired hemostasis and spontaneous hemorrhages. The laboratory evidence of DIC may be present even when there is no clinically recognized disorder.Patients with sever head injury or sepsis are* known to be at risk for development of coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities. The brain contains high concentrations of tissue factors, which activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway, also, presence of endotoxin in sepsis activates the coagulation system by causing damage to the endothelium and releasing Procoagulant.Fibrinolysis is inhibited during sepsis by elevated levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitors. Molecular markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis activation especially D-dimer and ct2 - plasmin inhibitor have became available for use in the clinical laboratory and helpful in identifing and management of patients with haemostatic disorders.D-dimer is a fragment of degradation products of cross-linked fibrins. D-dimer is direct evidence of fibrin formation and its dissolution by plasmin. So, it is a useful test in diagnosing acute venous thromboembo-lism.