الفهرس 
OsteoathritisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common rheumatologic disease, that affects synovial joints and causes degeneration and destruction of hyaline cartilage . Because cartilage is not innervated , the pain of OA arises from secondary effects , such as joint capsule distension , stretching of periosteal nerve ending , and possibly synovial inflammation.Treatment of the patient with osteoarthritis should be comprehensive,with non pharmacologic approaches considered as primary therapy and analgesics and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) assigned to adjunctive role.These non medicinal approaches can include the use of thermal modalities , phototherapy , electrotherapy , the development of exercise programs and weight loss programs . In this regard , low power laser therapy increasingly used in the management of OA . Also, ultrasound is used in treatment of OA and the standard coupling agent used in ultrasonic therapy have replaced with topical anti-inflammatory preparations .