الفهرس 
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Abstract
For the study of the distribution of sand flies in
Sinai. Sinai Peninsula was divided into two main parts,
North Sinai and South Sinai. This division was based
upon, altitudinal, topographical and ecological differences.
The following investigations were carried out with
the outlined results:
1. Species composition and relative abundance of sand
flies in North Sinai:
The areas selected for the study in North Sinai were
EI ARish, El Sheikh Zowied and Rafah on the coastal region
and EI Kosiumah and El Hasanah at the south of EI
Arish.
The density of flies varied among areas, El Hasanah
and El Kosiumah yielded the highest number of flies 82.5%
and 9.3% of the total collection respectively. Very few
flies were collected at coastal region in El Arish (3.4%),
Rafah (2.6%) and EI Sheikh Zowied (2.2%).
The highest number of flies was collected during the
summer months (June-September). The percentage constituted
72.5% of the total collection for the two years. In
the spring relatively moderate number of flies were collected
during the 2 years. In autumn, sand flies were
scarce and were represented by very few numbers. In
winter, the flies disappeared and all collections were
negative.
2. Species composition and relative abundance of sand
flies in South Sinai:
In southern Sinai, sand fly collections carried out
in 4 areas (regions), namely Saint Catherine for 2 consecutive
years (1986 and 1987), Wady Feiran for one
year (1987) and Sharm El Sheikh and El Tour (visited once
in 1986).
Sand flies were collected extensively from wild and
peridomestic habitats.
A total of 1149 flies was collected and the taxonomic
characterization resulted in the identification of
18 different species, eight are belonging to the genus
Phlebotomus and ten to the genus Sergentomyia.
These species are namely:
P. a1exandri Sinton; P. arabicus Theodor; P. kazeruni
Theodor and Mesghali; P. major Annandale ”Sinai formn
;
P. orienta1is Parrot; P. papatasi Scopo1i; P. sergenti
Parrot; P. bergeroti Parrot; s. c1ydei/ad1eri Sinton/
Theodor; S. taizi Lewis, §. fallax Parrot; s. schwetzi
(Adler, Theodor and Parrot); s. tiberiadis (Adler,
Theodor and Lourie); s. pa1estinensis (Adler and Theodor);
s. minuta (Rondani); S. christophersi (Sinton); S.
antennata (Newstead) and S. theodor Parrot.
from the listed species their distribution and habits
in Sinai, it can be concluded that the sand fly fauna
of the southern Sinai shows a marked affinity with the
fauna of the Arabian Peninsula, particularly Asir, Yemen
and to a lesser but still significant extent, the high
lands of Eastern Africa.
3. Ratio of males to females in the collection:
The number of males collected exceeded the number
of females whether for the genus Phlebotomus (2.68:1) or
for genus Sergentomyia (1.85:1). This ratio in sand fly
is in favourrof males especially if collection is performed
outdoors.
In the present study the ratio of males to females
in the wild habitat is usually high while this ratio is
low in the peridomestic habitats especially for the genus
Phlebotomus.
The ratio was (0 : 0+) 3 •• 1 for genus Phlebotomus
at wild site and was (1 : 1.2) at peridomestic site in
Saint Catherine.
For the genus Sergentomyia the ratio of males was
high both in the wild and peridomestic areas at Saint
Catherine
In Wady Feiran, males of both genera outnumbered
females at wild site. The ratio (5 : 9) was 6.6 -:1 and
2.4 : 1 for genus Phlebotomus and genus Sergentomyia,
respectively.
In peridomestic site, a ratio of (0 : ~) in genus
Phlebotomus is 3 : 1 while the ratio is 2.1 ; 1 for the
Sergentomyia.
4. Efficiency of different trapping techniques used for
sand fly collection:
Three methods of sampling populations of sand flies
were chosen for their suitability to the habitat characteristics
of Sinai, these methods are sticky paper traps,
CDC light traps and chemical light/sticky paper traps
(illuminated traps).
The comparison between the efficiency of the
different traps revealed that CDC light trap was the most
productive type for species of the genus Phlebotomus
followed by the illuminated paper traps and then the
sticky paper traps.
The mean density of different Phlebotomus species
was high in CDC light traps than in other traps, except
for E. bergeroti which was never caught by CDC traps.
Members of the Sergentomyia group showed to be
more attracted to chemical light/sticky paper without
discrimination between green or blue light followed by
the sticky paper without a source of light and at last
to the CDC light traps.
. tiberiadis and S. antennata, were not caught in
traps with any source of light, this may indicate their
photonegativity.
The sticky paper traps are the most widely used
technique for sand fly outdoor collection, as they are
convenient· for the purpose of sand fly surveys.
Species of sand flies attracted to light can be
caught alive in light traps of which the CDC light trap
is probably the most convenient.
5. Sand fly seasonal abundance:
The seasonal abundance of sand flies has been determined
by monthly examining sand fly density in the south
of Siani.
In Saint Catherine, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia
species had a seasonal range from February to November
(10 month) with the highest densities in July and August.
The density of each particular species of the 2
genera differred.from year to year and from month to the
other, e.g. P. alexandri showed the highest density in
July, P. kazeruni in August while P •.major had a peak
during August and September.
In Wady Feiran, sand fly season starts in April and
ends by November (8 months) and showed the highest density
in July. The shorter seasonal range of sand fly
in Wady Feiran (8 months) compared to Saint Catherine
(10 months) can be attributed to ecological and altitudinal
differences between the two areas.
In general Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia had a seasonal
range of activity in South Sinai that starts from
February and ends by November with the highest densities
obtained during July and August. These seasonal changes
in sand fly density in South Sinai are closely related
to changes in climatic conditions, particularly temperature.
Some species are widely distributed and are found
almost throughout the year, tolerating a wide range of
conditions, others appeared to be more sensitive, having
a limited distributionand a strictly seasonal incidence.
Some species were dominant such as P. bergeroti in Wady
Feiran.