الفهرس 
Introduction and Literature ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 135 |  |  |
| | | from | 135 | | |
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The release of heavy metal ions into our environmental is still large. It is well known that some metal ions can be poisonous, otherwise have harmful effect on many forms of life.
This thesis is concerned with the study of the treatment of such wastewater using synthetic polyurethane as an exchange resin and clay to remove heavy metals from single — ion solution as well as from a mixture of them.
All experiments were conducted using 10 - 50 ppm solution of CuSO4, ZnSO4, NiC12 and K2Cr2O7 , at different lapses of time. The mixtures were filtered and the heavy metal ions concentrations were determined in the aqueous phase.
Polyurethane in pH 4, showed sometimes increase in uptake compared with that of neutral solution in the order -Cr2072- >Cu2+ >Ni2÷ > Zn2±. Metal ions accumulation from a mixed solution was shown to decrease slightly for Cu2+ , Ni2+ and poor for Zn2+ , while it was effective only for -Cr207 2-, about 91.6 %removal.
The heavy metal ions cations studied, adsorbed by clay minerals from industrial wastewater of electroplating processes have been studied experimentally. We can observe that the separation of heavy metal ions by clay minerals is effective in the order Cu2+ > Zn2± > Ni2+ >
-Cr207 2- only in absence of cyanide ions.
English summary
This thesis is concerned with the study of the removal of Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2÷ and —Cr2072- ions from wastewater samples of electroplating process.
The study comprised firstly on the method of preparation of polyurethane resins and defines its structure by IR and NMR spectra. Secondly treatment of wastewater samples using polyurethane as an exchange resin and natural clay to remove heavy metal ions from single ion solution as well as from a mixture of them, also from individual wastewater samples from Fresh company in 10th Ramadan city.
The results of the study the effect of amount of polyurethane for 100 ml of solution at different time with agitation speed 400 rpm showed
that:
(I)In case of Cu2+, an increase in amount of polyurethane leads to an increase in the percent adsorption of Cu2+ up to 73 % using 15 g /3h.
(II)where a maximum adsorption of —Cr2O72 ions (91.9 %) was obtained on using 15 / 3h, compared with only 52 % on using the resin in neutral form, this is explained in the light of keto-enol tautomerism phenomen taking place in polyurethane.
(III)An increase the amount of resin from 7-30 g show a steady increase in the Ni2+ up take, the maximum up take of Ni2+ increased to 62 %.
(IV)The removal of Zn2+ shows a very similar treat to those of Cu2÷, Ni2+, and —Cr2072-, but the percent adsorption of Zn2+ using polyurethane is much lower than those of the other metal ions. This is simply due to the fact that Zn2+ has lower tendency to form a complex compound with the active center of the resin.
Aim of investigation
The aim of this work is to study the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater of electroplating process using natural clay and polyurethane as cation exchange resins to achieve removal of Zn2+tu2+,Ni2+ and —Cr207 ions.
The study was done on an authentic solution of CuSO4, ZnSO4, NiC12 and K2Cr2O7, as well as on wastewater samples taking from Fresh company in 10th Ramadan city.
The study comprised discussion of obtained results as well as a recommendation concerning wastewater treatment of electroplating processes to reduce pollutant, to the allowable limits of environmental laws.
By studying the effect of weight and time in acid medium, the application of polyurethane to treat an authentic mixture of Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and —Cr2072- ions, the order of removal of heavy metal ions is
—Cr2072- > -
N+ > 12 Z112+ > Cu2+
The same experiment conditions were applied to the treatment of wastewater samples drained from fresh company for electroplating, the order of removal of heavy metal ions is:
—Cr2072- > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+
The decreasing of total adsorption indicates that a competitions inhibition my occur by other cations in the solution with limited specify related to the ionic radii or tendency for complex formation.
By studying the effect of amount of clay on removal of heavy metal ions for 100 ml of solution atdifferent time with agitation speed 175 rpm.The results revealed that the increasing removal percent with
increasing of weight of clay.
Therefore we should select the best weight and time to set the best result. But the application using clay to treat industrial wastewater samples of Fresh Company is difficult, as the presence of cyanide ions will interfere with adsorption of metal ions. Consequently cyanide ions must be treated by alkaline chlorination before using clay.
Also for complete removal of total chromium, a reduction of -Cr2072- should be accomplished by adding about 0.05 gram of sodium meta bisulfite/100 ml of -Cr2072- solution before adding clay.
The heavy metal cations adsorption by clay after treatment of cyanide ion and -Cr2072- ions in the order,
English summary
This thesis is concerned with the study of the removal of Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and —Cr2072” ions from wastewater samples of electroplating process.
The study comprised firstly on the method of preparation of polyurethane resins and defines its structure by IR and NMR spectra. Secondly treatment of wastewater samples using polyurethane as an exchange resin and natural clay to remove heavy metal ions from single ion solution as well as from a mixture of them, also from individual wastewater samples from Fresh company in 10th Ramadan city.
The results of the study the effect of amount of polyurethane for 100 ml of solution at different time with agitation speed 400 rpm showed
that:
(I)In case of Cu2+, an increase in amount of polyurethane leads to an increase in the percent adsorption of Cu2 up to 73 % using 15 g /3h.
(II)where a maximum adsorption of —Cr2072- ions (91.9 %) was obtained on using 15 / 3h, compared with only 52 % on using the resin in neutral form, this is explained in the light of keto-enol tautomerism phenomen taking place in polyurethane.
(III)An increase the amount of resin from 7-30 g show a steady increase in the Ni2+ up take, the maximum up take of Ni2+ increased to 62 %.
(IV)The removal of Zn2’ shows a very similar treat to those of Cu2+, Ni2+, and —Cr2072-, but the percent adsorption of Zn2+ using polyurethane is much lower than those of the other metal ions. This is simply due to the fact that Zn2+ has lower tendency to form a complex compound with the active center of the resin.
By studying the effect of weight and time in acid medium, the application of polyurethane to treat an authentic mixture of Zn2+, Cu2+, •2+
1\11 and —Cr2O72 ions, the order of removal of heavy metal ions is —Cr2072- > Ni•2+
> Zn2+ > CU2+
The same experiment conditions were applied to the treatment of wastewater samples drained from fresh company for electroplating, the order of removal of heavy metal ions is:
—Cr2072 > Ni21 > Cut’ > Zn2+
The decreasing of total adsorption indicates that a competitions inhibition my occur by other cations in the solution with limited specify related to the ionic radii or tendency for complex formation.
By studying the effect of amount of clay on removal of heavy metal ions for 100 ml of solution atdifferent time with agitation speed 175 rpm.The results revealed that the increasing removal percent with increasing of weight of clay.
Therefore we should select the best weight and time to set the best result. But the application using clay to treat industrial wastewater samples of Fresh Company is difficult, as the presence of cyanide ions will interfere with adsorption of metal ions.. Consequently cyanide ions must be treated by alkaline chlorination before using clay.
Also for complete removal of total chromium, a reduction of -Cr2072- should be accomplished by adding about 0.05 gram of sodium meta bisulfite/100 ml of -Cr2072- solution before adding clay.
The heavy metal cations adsorption by clay after treatment of cyanide ion and -Cr2072- ions in the order,