الفهرس 
Materials and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ureteral catheters have always been a major tool
of urologic surgery. The concern of urologists for
ureteral catheterization and its side effects dates from
the technique’s inception in the early part of this
century.
This study was conducted on 50 patients of different
ages. All of them were subjected ”to full clinical
history and laboratory and radiological investigations.
Eight different types of ureteral catheter have
been applied in various diagnostic and therapeutic
purposes. These types include:
- Ordinary catheters with round, olive, whistle, flexible
and spiral tips: in 38 cases.
Bulb catheters of Braasch and Chevassu types: in 8
cases.
Pigtail stent catheters: in 4 cases.
These types of catheters have been used in the
following indications:
- Diagnostic indications: Retrograde pyelography (8 cases),
ureterogram (6 cases), assessment of the patency of
the ureter (8 cases), and collection of saggregated
urine samples (2 cases).
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- Therapeutic indications: Indwelling stenting of the
ureter in upper urinary tract fistulae (2 cases) and
persistent post-operative leackage (4 cases), after
reconstructive surgery for upper urinary tract (3 cases)
to help passage of ureteric stones (3 cases), and
calculus anuria (2 cases) and to drain the kidney in
a uraemic patient (1 case).
- With othe~ procedures: With ureteroscopy (9 cases),
and to protect the ureter during difficult operations
(2 cases).
The catheters were introduced cystoscopically
in 45 cases (90 %) and intraoperative in 5 cases (10 %).
The catheters introduced cystoscopically were
bilateral in 5 cases and unilateral in 29 cases with
approximately equal distribution of right and left side,
in addition to 11 failures (24.44 %).
The overall success rate was 75.56 % in the cases
done cystoscopically. Failure rate was (32.26 %) in
males and (7.14 %) in females. This discrepancy may be
attributed to the higher incidence of bilharzial affection
of the urinary tract in males which causes many
difficulties in identification and catheterization of
the ureteric orifice.
The main causes of failure were: failure to identify
the orifice in 4 cases (all were males), failure to
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catheterize the orifice in 2 cases (the orifice was pinhole
in one case and covered by a polyp in the other one) r failure
to bypass ureteric strictures in 2 cases (one case with
ordinary ureteral catheter and the other with pigtail
stent catheter) and lastly, failure to bypass impacted
ureteric stones in 2 cases.
It is evident that the causes of failure are not
related to the type of ureteral catheter. However, the
olive tip, flexible tip, and spiral tip catheters proved
to be useful in some cases where the round tip catheter
could not pass.
Apart from 2 cases (4 %), one with pyelonephritis
after catheterization and in the other, upward migration
of an ordinary stent occurred, the complications occurred
among our cases can be described to be mild.
Conclusion
from this work, we can conclude that:
(1) Ureteral catheters proved to
diagnostic and therapeutic
armamentarium.
(2) Ordinary type of ureteral catheters is considered
the over all purpose one which covers most of the
diagnostic and therapeutic indications. In addition,
it is reasonably priced and easily available.
(3) Bulb ureteral catheters are useful mainly for
be useful
tool in
and safe
urology
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performing ureterograms
the upper urinary tract.
(4) Internal ureteral stents, although of high price,
proved to be valuable in conditions where long term
diversion is recommended.