الفهرس 
Abstract
The figure of the Earth -references ellipsoidOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A map projection is a planer representation of the curved surface of the Earth. Imposed upon the Earth’s surface is a geodetic coordinate system of latitudes, and logitudes. A map projection is defined as a systematic method of drawing the grid lines on a plane surface. Exact representation of the surface is impossible, but errors can be minimized, depending on the intended use of the map. Scale and shape are the fundamental considerations.
The perspective map projection of the Earth onto a plane possesses the valuable property of reproducing the conditions of obtaining of the Earth’s photographs from outer space, thus being able to produce mathematical models space - photographs. Whenever the Earth is photographed from space, the camera records the view as a perspective projection.
In this work, formulas are derived for computing the plane coordinates of perspective map projection of the rotational ellipsoid onto a plane and for defining characteristics of the grid lines. Inverse formulas for gridding of space photographs are included. The formulas are derived in case of vertical and tilted perspective projection taken the height of topography into account and they may be readily simplified for the sphere. Formulas are derived also, for computing the scale distortions of tilted perspective map projections of the rotational ellipsoid onto a plane with some examples of the interpretation of distortion characteristics. Construction of map projection and some examples on perspective maps of the Earth onto a plane are discussed.
With the increase of accuracy of such exteraterrestrial mapping, the need for accurate triaxial ellipsoid map projections will also increase. It has been found that, such projections are obtainable by using standard mathematical concepts of the geometry of the ellipsoid. Equations have been derived for computing the plane coordinates of polar perspective map projections of the triaxial ellipsoid onto a plane formulas reduced for Gnomonic, Stereographic, and Orthographic projections are given.