الفهرس 
Latrogenic complications in head and neck surgeryOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
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. SUMMARY 1J\1D CONCLUSION
In this essay atrial to review the different aetiological
factors resulting in iatrogenic complications
following surgical procedures is settled. This review
included iatrogenic complications following head,
neck, breast and gastero-intestinal surgery, in addition
to iatrogenic complications in anaesthesia and
adverse reactions to somedrUgs used in surgery.
If we start with head and neck surgery, someiatrogenic
complications appear as necrosis of skin flaps,
haemorrhage,carotid artery belowout, air embolism,
oedemaof ·the face, pneumothorox,esophageal injury,
injury to carotid vessels, injury to large lymphatic
ducts, facial nerve injury, vagus nerve injury, accessory
nerve injury and injury to recurrent laryngeal
or supperior laryngeal nerve. While in breast surgery,
the examples of iatrogenic complications are, extension
of skin incision into the hollow of the axilla, buttonholes
in the skin flap, local recurrance, unilateral
pneumothorax, bleeding from perforating. vessels, oedema.
of the arm, inadequate drainage of breast abscess,
injury of intercostobrachial, long thoracic and thoracodorsal
nerve. Also, someiatrogenic complicationlil
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appear in biliary tract surgerY as bile leakage ,subcapsular
l;I.aematQmofathe liver, cnoledochoduodenal
fistula, pancreatitis, jaundice aDdhepatic artery
injury or ligation.
With respect to splenic surgery, the examples of
iatrogenic complications are,haemorrhage, gasteric
fistula, pancreatic injury, aDdtrauma to the left
copula of the diaphragm. Also, gastero-intestinal
surgery have a great numbers of iatrogenic complications
as esophageal stricture or perforation,chylOthorax,
fecal fistula peritonitis, injury of the bowel
during dissection of adhesion, infarction of intestine
by ’application of non-crushing clamps in straight manner,
anastomotic leakage, e:x;posureof mucosaat anastomotic
line, occlusion of anastomotic site, perforation
of the colon during colonoscopy, duodenal stump
leakage, necrosis of stomachwall and ulcer recurrance.
During anaesthesia someiatrogenic complications
mayappear as injury to lips, mucosaof the pharynx,
tongue during intubation, misplacement of endotracheal
tube, inadequate anaesthe sia, interchange of syring,
bacterial meningitis and epidural abscess after spinal
anaesthesia. Also, headache, difficulty in hearing
and vision me,yoccur after spinal anaestl;l.esia, while
,
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~teravenous injection of local anaesthetic agents_may
. lead .no serious system1c effects.’ .Also, many adverse.
reactions of the drugs may appear such as gastero-intestinal
haemorrhage. gasteric ulceration, perforation
of peptic ulcer, pancreatic necrosis,’ paralytic ileus,
interavscular clotting, haemolytic anaemia, aplastic
anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia and granulocytopenia.
Since the advances in diagnostic and therapeutic
tools over the last 30 years have lead definetly to a
significant decrease in both morbidity and mortality,
however still the iatrogenic complications need the
skill and ’care of the surgeon rather than the use of
special instruments or methods. We can conclude that,
the surgeon is a controlled wise decision rather than
a sole techniqual e:x;perience. So, good assessement
of pre-operative preparation, proper choosing of the
type of surgical intervention, study all the anatomic
details and post-operative observations are essential
in all surgical procedures. All of these with
the gained e:x;perienceof the surgeon are mandatory to
avoid iatrogeni.c complications., for the sake of good
results.