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Abstract
Bladder carcinoma is a national problem in Egypt being the most i common malignancy in men with its social and economic consequences. [ Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment of invasive bladder cancer and ^ local pelvic recurrence is a major cause of failure after this treatment
modality. Several neoadjuvant as well as adjuvant therapeutic modalities, ; namely radiotherapy and chemotherapy,, have been tried to control this local i treatment failure but none achieved satisfactory results. Immunotherapy, ; specifically BCG, is a well-established modality of treatment in the . management of superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ with high
success rates.
In this work, we studied the probability of transferring the antitumor immunologic reaction induced by BCG in the bladder wall to its draining lymph nodes aiming at affecting any residual malignant cells that can be left behind in missed lymph nodes or lymphatic tissue after radical cystectomy.
The initial experimental work was conducted on 12 dogs. The first four dogs were used to study the anatomic and histological aspects of the lymphatic drainage of the bladder in dogs as well as studying the placebo effect of both normal saline and surgery per se on the draining lymph nodes.