الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Injections are a skin puncturing procedure performed with a syringe and needle to introduce a substance for prophylactic, curative, or recreational purposes. Injections can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, intradermally, or subcutaneously. Injections are among the most frequently used medical procedures, with an estimated 12 billion injections administered each year worldwide. (WHO Fact Sheet, 1999) Injections have been used effectively for many years in preventive and curative healthcare. Injections are predominantly needed for the treatment of severe diseases, mostly in hospital settings. Nevertheless, injections are overused to administer medications in many countries because of an ingrained preference for injections among healthcare workers and patients. (Simonsen L., et al., 2000)
Unsafe injection practices throughout the world result in millions of infections, which may lead, to serious diseases and death. Scientists estimate that unsafe injection may cause about 8-16 million hepatitis B virus infections, 2.3-4.7 million hepatitis C virus infections, and 80 000-160 000 infections with HIV/AIDS each year worldwide. (Kane AJ, et al., 1997) The estimated risk of blood born pathogens infection following a single needle stick from an infected source-patient is 30% for Hepatitis B, 3% for Hepatitis C and 0.3% for HIV (CDC, NIOSH: ALERT, 1999)
Although most injections given in the world follow safe clinical practices, poor injection practices continue to transmit viral hepatitis and other infections on a large scale in many countries. Appropriate measures can and must be taken to avoid this route of transmission of disease (WHO, Press Release, 2000).
In Egypt, Approximately 13% of the Egyptian population is infected with hepatitis C virus, leading to a high burden of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer, as well as mortality resulting from these diseases. The proportion of new cases of hepatitis C that are attributable to unsafe injections exceeded 40% in 1996. In particular, it may be related to the improperly sterilized needles, which were used to treat schistosomiasis (El Khoby T., et al., 2000). As a consequence of these unsafe injections in the last decades, a large reservoir of chronic infection was established that still drives hepatitis C transmission in Egypt today (WHO Press Release, 2000)
The overall carrier rate of Hepatitis B among healthcare workers in Cairo University Hospital is about 28%. (El-Batanoni M., et al., 1995)