الفهرس 
review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic renal failure is often associated with bone disorders of different histological types including osteitis fibrosa osteomalacia ,adynamic bone disease and a mixed form. So impaired boiu status and decreased bone mass are frequent among HD patients. So all dialysis patients are at high risk of skeletal problems
”high risk skeletons11.
These groups should be considered for bone mass measurements by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and receive appropriate treatment of any osteopenia or osteoporosis.
-Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by quantitiUiu omputed tomography has proven to be a strong predictor of bone strength m healthy persons and in osteoporotic patients, and QCT is precise, rapui j:nmwasive and sensitive procedure to detect osteopenia.
-Differential biochemical markers such as iPTH and alkaline phosphatase have been shown to differentiate between low and high bone turnover.
-The aim of the work is firstly to confirm Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) to be an accurate & precise tool in the field noninvasive evaluation of renal osteodystrophy. Second to . aluate and compare the use of biochemical markers (iPTH & alkaline phosphatase) and QCT densitometry to elaborate a non-invasive asses-m, m of renal osteodystrophy and thus be able to avoid bone biopsy