الفهرس 
Anatomy and functional histology of urinary bladderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder carcinoma is the commonest malignant tumor in Hgypt. It constitutes 30.3% of alt cancers. ’10.6% of the male cancers and 14.3% of female cancers (El-nolkainy, 1998). The association of bladder cancer and schistosomiasis lias long been evident in many epidemiologic studies (Abd W iMohsen el ul, 1999). Identification of patients with bladder carcinoma at high risk of tumor invasion and early metastasis is mandatory to provide an optimal specific dealing with those patients. Prognostic markers may be the tools to accomplish this. Hopefully advanced methods and new clinically valuable prognostic probes could be evolved from better understanding the molecular basis of tumor progress and metastasis. The detection of tumor’s capacity for invasiveness is another interesting field in oncology research. Among different invasion related enzymes, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) that is an inlracclhilar serine protease, playing an impoitant role in degradation of extracellular matrix and modulation of cell adhesion and migration leading to local invasion and seeding of tumor cells (Rhnvarainurlhy et al, 2004). Urokinasc-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is converting cell-bound plasminogen to plasmin and generating the pericellular proteolytic activity needed lor degradation of extracellular matrix, basement membranes and other structural barriers during cellular migration and invasion. Over expression of uPA has been reported for many carcinoma eell lines and malignant tumors, including: Soft tissue sarcoma, osteosareoma, astroeytoma, melanoma, lung, breast, ovarian and bladder carcinomas (Choong et al, 2003).