الفهرس 
ANATOMY OF THE EXTRAHEPAPIC BIL IARY SYSTEM..Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
For many decades, (Clairmo, 1911), it has been recognized that surgery in patients with obstructiva jaundice is associated with a high risk of acute renal failure which contributes to post-operative mortality.
Initial. studie3 reported an incidence of renal failure of 7 to 20 %. Nowadays, however, the rate of pose-operative renal failure among patients with obstructive jaundice is lower, probably due to better treatment aimed maintaining urine flow at the time of surgery. (Dawson, 1964) . Renal failure may occur in association with any disease causing obstruction to the hiliary tract incluflng calculi, tumour, and chronic pancreatitis. Although impairment inrenal function usually occurs immediately after surgery, it may also develop pre-operatively (Dason, 1965)
The terms “hepato renal failure” & hepato renal syndrome” are often used to describe any patient with jaundice and renal failure. Unfortunately, these expre.3sions mean “many things to many people”, (Conn, 1973) and their use can obscure proper consideration of underlying pathD physiological processes. Initially Heiwig & Schutz (1932) used the expression:”hepa— to—renal failure” to refer to patients who were not necessarly jaundiced but who died with uraemia after biliary tract surgery or acute liver injury.