الفهرس 
review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
High-risk pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy in which there is an adverse outcome to the mother and or the baby.
Pathological changes in the fetoplacental circulation are believed to be associated with a variety of pregnancy complications such as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality, some of these changes can be related to marked decrease in the number or to obliteration of small arteries in the placenta, there is evidence that Doppler ultrasound identifies these microvascular lesions in the placenta.
Doppler umbilical artery waveform is a well-established method to study the fetoplacental circulation non-invasively, a significant relationship exists between increased placental resistance and abnormal fetal growth.
Perinatal recognition of fetal risk is still a major challenge in perinatal medicine.
Fetal biophysical scoring is a method of antepartum assessment that is based on a survey of five discrete biophysical variables (fetal breathing movement, fetal heart rate, fetal movement, fetal tone and amniotic fluid volume). This method yields a range of results that may be useful in recognition of high risk fetuses.