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Abstract
Manzala lake is the largest of the four north Delta lakes in Egypt. It lies between longitudes 31o 35o,32 20 E and latitudes 31o 00’,31o N. Manzala lake is located at the northeastern edge of Nile Delta in Egypt. The lake has a rectangular geometric shape bounded by Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea from the east and the north.Manzala Lake is the largest of the four north Delta lakes in Egypt. It lies between longitudes 31º 35’, 32º 20’ E and latitudes 31º 00’, 31º 30’ N. Manzala
Lake is located at the northeastern edge of Nile Delta in Egypt. The lake has a rectangular geometric shape bounded by Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea from the east and the north; Damietta, Dakahalia and Sharkia provinces from the west and
south. The total area of the lake is about 872 Km2 of which only 778 Km2 represent open water with an average depth of about 140 cm. The drainage water forms the largest input of water to Manzala Lake amounts to 98% of the total annual inflow. Seawater infiltration and intrusion from the Mediterranean, ground water and rainfall represent the rest of inflow. Finally, The three major environmental problems impact Manzala lake are: land reclamation, run off from surrounding area and direct discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater and irrigation water from drainage canals. The discharge annually into the lake take place through seven main drains, Hadous,Ramsis and Bahr El-Bakar drains contribute about 75% of the total annual drainage water into the southern sector of the lake. The importance of studying the pollution of the lake is highlighted from that, the lake is considered as high economic value, as a natural resource for fishery, which it contributes by about 30% of the total fish yield for Egypt, recreation and for
migratory birds.