الفهرس 
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in menopausenatural or surgical- and its sequelae, regarding the role of estrogen replacement therapy. Therefore, this study planned to demonstrate the effect of bilateral ovariectomy on the locomotor system andthe protective effect of estrogen , as well as , calcium and vitamin D as cheaper and safer substitutes .This study was carried out on forty adult female albino rats. Ten rats were subjected to sham operation and the other thirty were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy , ten of them untreated , ten were injected by 17 P-estradiol , and ten received calcium and vitamin D orally .All animals were sacrificed after four weeks and samples from bones (neck of the femur, tibial metaphysis and tibial diaphysis), joints(knee joint) and skeletal muscles (quadriceps) were obtained. The samples were subjected to different histological and histochemical studies.