الفهرس 
Definition of CKDOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
CKD is defined as; kidney damage for three or more months. Patients with CKD have an unacceptably high risk for premature death, primarily as a result of CVD. The risk factors for CVD in CKD can by divided in two major groups, Traditional risk factors and Non Traditional risk factors. Older age, male gender, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, smoking, LVH, menopause, and family history of CVD are part of the traditional CVD risk assessment; many of these traditional CVD risk factors are also risk factors for CKD and consequently are very common among CKD patients. Non traditional risk factors such as anemia, microalbuminuria, hyperhomocysteinemia, calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, oxidative stress, inflammation, malnutrition, endothelium dysfunction, and the uremic milieu itself, play a further important role in discussing the extra-traditional CV risk in CKD population.