الفهرس 
Introduction & aim of work
Measurement of aging (Aging Biomarkers):Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Aging as the time-independent series of cumulative, progressive, intrinsic, and deleterious functional and structural changes that usually begin to manifest themselves at reproductive maturity and eventually culminate in death. Not all time-dependent changes should automatically be considered fundamental age-related changes. , Age-related changes usually manifest themselves beginning at reproductive maturity, although their genesis may have been earlier. Aging is fundamental and intrinsic property of most living organisms. Remember that mortality and disease biomarkers likely measure a decline in function preceding a systemic failure, whereas biomarkers of aging likely measure the extended maintenance of function and longevity Successful aging means ‘old age is not a phase of decline and loss, but instead, if approached properly, harbors the opportunity for positive change and productive functioning’ Theories of aging include molecular theories (codon restriction, somatic mutation, gene regulation, error catastrophe, Dysdifferentiation) Cellular theories(wear and tear, apoptosis, free radical accumulation) System theory(rate of living, neuroendocrine theory, immunologic) Evolutionary (Antagonistic pleiotropy, Mutation accumulation, Disposable soma)all of which are fields of researches in gerontology