الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent and serious diseases in the world. It represents a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by decreased insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A healthy diet and exercise should be placed as a priority for diabetes treatment. Then pharmacological treatment including insulin. And last, pancreas or islet cell transplantation may be an option for people whose kidneys are failing or who aren’t responding to other treatments. Sulfonylureas lower FPG primarily by increasing the release of insulin from functioning pancreatic β cells. However current anti-diabetic agents are unable to maintain long-term euglycaemia in all type-2 diabetic patients and there is a need for new and more effective anti-diabetic drugs like Incretins which are gut-derived peptide hormones that are rapidly secreted in response to meal initiation. There are two types of incretin mimetic: Exenatide and Liraglutide. These hormones: help the body to produces more insulin when it is needed, reduce the amount of glucose being produced by the liver when it is not needed, reduce the rate at which stomach digests foods and empties, reduce appetite. Inhibition of sodium–glucose co-transporters (SGLT2) offers the most promise as a therapeutic strategy because it is responsible for most of the renal glucose reabsorption and since it is expressed exclusively in the kidney. Finally, glucokinase activators (GKAs), that lower the glucose level in blood, stimulate insulin release and enhance glycogen synthesis.