الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the association of clinical events (thrombosis and/or obstetrical complications) and heterogenous autoantibodies that react with complexes of proteins that can bind to anionic phospholipids.Inhibition of natural regulators of excessive coagulation by these auto antibodies is probably responsible for the prothrombotic state that characterizes this disease.Genetic factors are thought to play a role in the susceptibility to APS. Similar to many other polygenic autoimmune diseases, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) associations have been reported including DRw53, DR7 (Hispanic origin) and DR4 (mostly whites). Low titre anticardiolipin antibody occurs in 2 to 6.5 percent of normal blood donors, and moderate to high titre anticardiolipin antibody or LAC is found in 0.2 percent. The prevalence of positive tests increases with age. 60 to 80 percent of patients with the primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome are women. In the 1998, international consensus preliminary criteria, APS was defined by the concomitant presence of clinical features and laboratory tests.The clinical features include either pregnancy morbidities or thrombosis.In 2006, a revised version of the Sapporo criteria was developed at a consensus workshop in sydney, Australia and added anti β2 GPI antibodies to the laboratory crieteria of diagnosis. Anti β2 GPI antibodies have been shown as key antibodies in the APS, and endothelial activation induced by antiphospholipid antibodies and complement activation, are additional pathophysiological mechanisms. Antiphospholipid syndrome may be either primary or secondary associated with auto immune diseases most commonly SLE or associated with drugs, infection and malignancies. The CAPS is a life threatening condition usually preceded by a precipitating event, mainly infections, trauma, or surgical procedures, anticoagulation withdrawal, lupus flares, malignancies, or during pregnancy and the puerperium and results in multiorgan failure. There are no major differences in the clinical consequences between patients with PAPS and those with SAPS. The prognosis depends upon the nature and the size of vessels involved and acuteness or chronicity of the thrombotic process; other prominent manifestations of APS include thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, livedo reticulasis. Although renal manifestations are a very common feature of SLE, they were recognized as a part of APS.