الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present investigation, phenotypic and genotypic studies of antibacterial efflux pumps in Gram negative bacteria isolated from different clinical sources and identified as P. aeruginosa , E. coli and K. pneumoniae were done. Sensitivity test was performed on 100 isolates to determine resistant strains. The study of MIC of different antibacterials alone and in the presence of reserpine, CCCP and omperazole was done. Ethidium bromide efflux assay in presence and absence of reserpine, CCCP and omperazole was studied. Separation and analysis of outer membrane protein by SDS-PAGE was performed. Genes of (acrAB-tolC and mexAB-oprM) on chromosomal and plasmid DNA was detected by PCR. acrA and acrB genes were sequenced using Sanger’s technique. Real-time PCR was used to determine the acrA and acrB copy number.