الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common irreversible causes of severe loss of vision, including legal blindness, in the elderly population (usually over 60). There is an early and late stage of AMD. In the early stage, there is formation of large drusen and pigmentary abnormalities. The late stage is divided into two groups: nonexudative or “dry” form and an exudative/neovascular or “wet” form. Although neovascular age-related macular degeneration represents only 10 to 15% of the overall prevalence of age-related macular degeneration, it is responsible for more than 80% of cases of severe visual loss or legal blindness resulting from age-related macular degeneration. Fluorescein angiography (FA) is an essential tool in management and diagnosis of AMD.It is useful in detection the size, exact location, and leakage characteristics of the lesion. Also it is essential for postoperative assessment in patients with CNV who have undergone thermal laser photocoagulation or verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is necessary for accurate diagnosis, characterization, and monitoring. ICG angiography does not replace FA in AMD; instead, it serves in conjunction with FA to enhance appreciable knowledge of a particular patient’s condition.It is a highly specialized technique for imaging choroidal vasculature. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new imaging modality that performs high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of ocular structures.