الفهرس 
Historical Perspective of EndoscopyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The ureteroscopy was in the past the favored line of treatment of mid and distal ureteral stones, while the ESWL has been preferred in treating proximal ureteral stones. With quality improvement of the instrumentation and auxiliary procedures and equipments evolving including small caliber URS, flexible URS and holmium: YAG laser, ureteroscopy started to take an important and remarkable spot between treatment options regarding ureteral stones in pediatric population in all ureteral segments. This modality should be considered an essential part of the armamentarium of any urologist involved in the care of children. Minimally invasive surgery that has been proved in adult patients can now be offered to pediatric patients. Careful attention to instrument selection and surgical technique are critical to reduce complication rates, most notably ureteral perforation rates, which have been reduced to less than 5%, and long-term complications such as stricture formation occur with an incidence of 2% or less. Overall stone-free rates are high at 81% to 94% depending on stone location, with the majority of patients became stone free in a single procedure and reached 100% after the second ureteroscopy. Ureteroscopy now has shown remarkable reliance as minimally invasive procedure in treating ureteral stones in pediatric population not only in the hands of experienced endourologists but as well a component of any training program.