الفهرس 
diabetes in childhoodOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing β-cells in the islets of the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and associated complications. It is one of the most common chronic diseases from childhood, requiring continuous or multiple daily insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring at substantial personal and economic cost. Genetic susceptibility accounting for at least half the lifetime risk, together with environmental conditions, leads to the development of type 1 diabetes (Eisenbarth, 2007).The worldwide prevalence of diabetes in all age-groups was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and is predicted to be 4.4% by 2030 (Wild et al, 2004). Adolescents with type 1 diabetes as a group display the worst glycemic control compared with other age-groups (Craig et al., 2002). The presentation of new-onset T1D is distributed among three typical patterns: classic new onset, silent diabetes, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Although most children present with classic new-onset diabetes, in many locations, DKA still accounts for 20% to 40% of all new diagnoses (Mallare et al., 2003)Treatment of type 1 diabetes is directed at maintaining near-normal blood glucose levels with a regimen including several daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, self-monitoring blood glucose, a prescribed meal plan, regular exercise, and problem-solving tactics to regulate blood glucose (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group., 1994).