الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Introduction: Contraceptive hormone-releasing subdermal implant systems have been available in clinical trials since 1966. Norplant, a six capsules system, was the first one to be developed in 1983 and approved by the FDA in 1990. It contains the progestin levonorgestrel and gives contraceptive protection for 5 years. Although Norplant capsules were appeared to be safe, effective, and acceptable, scientists believed that development of a method with fewer than six implants would make insertion and removal easier and would therefore be beneficial. A second generation of two rods system called Jadelle and its Chinese equivalent (Sino-plant) were developed. Both contain levonorgestrel and give contraceptive protection for 5 years and 4 years respectively. Other and less commonly used implants were also developed containing different progistens include nestorone in the implants (Nestrone and Elcometrine) and nomegestrol acetate in the Uniplant rod. Recently a new subdermal contraceptive implant called Implanon was approved by the FDA in 2006. It is composed of one rod contains the progestin etonogestrel and is effective for 3 years. Although Norplant capsules were appeared to be safe, effective, and acceptable, scientists believed that development of a method with fewer than six implants would make insertion and removal easier and would therefore be beneficial. A second generation of two rods system called Jadelle and its Chinese equivalent (Sino-plant) were developed. Both contain levonorgestrel and give contraceptive protection for 5 years and 4 years respectively. Other and less commonly used implants were also developed containing different progistens include nestorone in the implants (Nestrone and Elcometrine) and nomegestrol acetate in the Uniplant rod. Recently a new subdermal contraceptive implant called Implanon was approved by the FDA in 2006. It is composed of one rod contains the progestin etonogestrel and is effective for 3 years. All contraceptive implants should be inserted at the inner side of the upper (non dominant) arm subdermaly after injection of local anesthesia. Implants removal is essentially a surgical procedure requires a small incision, only trained clinicians should remove the capsules. Removal time tends to be longer than for insertion, even for no problem removals. Contraceptive implants are good choice for women of reproductive age who are sexually active and desire long term, continuous contraception and also for those who experienced serious or minor estrogen related side effects with estrogen-progestin contraception. They are suitable for women Intend to breastfeed for a year or two. They have a very low pregnancy rate ranges below 1% and reaches zero with Implanon. Conclusions: Subdermal contraceptive implants are effective, safe and long acting method of contraception with high acceptability and promising future.