الفهرس 
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Abstract
Different extended spectrum beta-lactamase and quinolone resistance encoding genes and efflux pump encoding genes could be detected in highly and moderately resistant strains.
Their nucleotide sequences may differ according to their resistance pattern. Combination of Amikacin and Ceftazidim is most potent combination in the treatment of infections caused by highly and moderately resistant strains using in-vitro and in-vivo methods for evaluation of antimicrobial combinations.The use of the designed universal biotin labeled primer in the amplification of the resistance genes could achieve more than 90% cost reduction in Pyrosequencing of each gene. It is first time to use a UBP in Pyrosequencing for the detection of the resistance genes in bacteria. The use of preprogrammed dispensing nucleotides order in Pyrosequencing could increase the average sequencing read length to more than 100 bases per reaction compared to 50 to 60 bases per reaction using de-novo dispensing order of the nucleotides.
Pyrosequencing of the selected region could successfully identify the highly resistant clinical isolates using bla-SHV, bla-CTX-m, gyrB, AcrA, and Tol C encoding genes. On the other hand it could successfully distinguish the moderately resistant clinical isolates using bla-SHV, bla-CTX-m, gyrA, gyrB, ParC, AcrA, AcrD, and TolC encoding genes