الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background:Advances in diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization techniques are significantly changing the operative and non operative approaches to the patients with a congenital heart defect. Objective: The aim of this essay is to spotlight the modes of anesthesia that can be used in pediatric cardiac catheterization and differences between them. Methods & Results: Many modes of anesthesia used for these cases: 1-Sedation : using opioids or benzodiazepines.It is the most common method used for anesthesia in pediatric diagnostic cardiac catheterization. 2-General anesthesia: using inhalational drugs like halothane,isoflurane and sevoflurane or using intravenous anesthetics like ketamine,propofol and etomidate.It is used in in interventional cardiac catheterization. 3-Caudal analgesia: using bupivaccaine or ropivaccaine.It is used in postoperative analgesia and in newborn, and in children with neuromuscular diseases. 4- Spinal anesthesia: using bupivaccaine or tetracaine. It is used in premature babies and in children with severe COPD. Conclusion: Sedation , general anesthesia,caudal analgesia and spinal anesthesia are used effectively for anesthesia in pediatric cardiac catheterization.