الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
orthodontic treatment has been based on the principle that appropriate forces move the teeth through the alveolar bone of the jaw by cellular activation without permanent damage either to the teeth or to their attachments.
limitations to orthoudontic toth movement and the long term treatment are usally brought about by the slow rate of tooth movement and adverse forcs on the teeth.